PSYC1030 Quiz 4 Non Verbal Communication

Non verbal communication includes what (definition then list them)

-Anything other than the words
-With or without intention
-With or without permission

-Hand gestures
-Facial expressions.
-Voice (high-pitched or loud voice)
-Posture
-Touch
-Clothes

Stats on Non verbal communication according to Mehrabian

-93% Non Verbal
-53% from the face
-38% from the voice
-7% from words

Stats on Non verbal communication according to Argyle

81%

Stats on Non verbal communication according to Hsee

80%

Stats on Non verbal communication according to Burgoon

60-66%

The importance of non verbal communication goes up when

When verbal and non verbal channels are in conflict

Sarcasm

-Communicate positive via verbal channel
-Convey negative via non verbal channel

Teasing

-Communicate negative via verbal channel
-Coney positive via non verbal channel

What are hand gestures used for

-Emblem
-Illustrator

What is an Illustrator

Hand gesture used to:

-Amplify message or
-Communicate feelings
-Speak more fluently

What is an Emblem used for

To communicate complex nuanced information

Paul Ekman's six basic emotions

Happiness.
Surprise.
Sadness.
Fear.
Disgust.
And anger.

Paul Ekman's additional basic emotions

Amusement
Contempt
Contentment,
Embarrassment
Excitement
Guilt
Pride
Relief
Satisfaction
Sensory pleasure
Shame.

Powerful evidence for emotional expression being hard wired/evolutionary

-Blind and deaf children smile same age
-Limited cultural variation

Cross cultural variation in non verbal behaviours

-Ratings of intensity of emotions

Baby's demonstrate fear and disgust what age

Immediately

Baby's demonstrate smile at what age

6-8 weeks

Full spectrum of emotions demonstrated by what age

6 months

Some emotions seen across species such as snarling which species?

-Monkeys
-Dogs
-Cats
-Humans

Neurocultural theory

-Inhibit emotions
-Cross cultural differences
-Emblems/hand gestures various meanings across cultures

Minimal encouragers

-Show your listening
-Vocal encouragements
-Head nods

Direct body orientation

Face squarely

Indirect body orientation

Two position body's at angle to each other

Non verbal cues of lying

-High pitched voice due to vocal cord constriction due to stress
-Biggest indicator

Theory's on deception

-Emotional
-Cognitive
-Self presentation perspective

Emotional theory perspective of lying (Ekman)

-Heightened arousal
-Physiological reactions
-Increased movements
-Increased speech disturbances

Cognitive theory perspective of lying (Burgoon)

-Deception cognitively complex
-Cognitive load increased
-Body language neglected
-Reduction in movement
-Increased speech disturbances
-Slower speech and pauses

Attempted control approach to lying (DePaulo)

-Attempts to control behaviour
-Rigid and inhibited
-Decreased movement
-Decreased speech

DePaulo's attempted control approach also called

Self presentation perspective

Detecting lying in speech

-Rate of speech
-Number of disturbances

Best indicator of lying

Voice pitch

Easier to tell liar opposed to face to face

Distracted in person

Non reliable indicators of lying

-Gaze (eg:looking to left)
-Smiling
-Shifting position

In relation to a liar's speech what gives it away

-Increase in speech disturbances
-Slower speech rate
-Move less

Facial expressions and emotions

-Communicates emotions
-6 basic emotions
-All other emotions blends
-6 emotions have distinct facial expression attached

Why people smile

-Happy
-Flat
-Masking

Fake smile communicated via what

Mouth

Real smile communicated via what

Muscles in checks and eyes

Sadness communicated via what

Eye brows

Hardest emotion to spot

Saddness

Disgust communicated via what and why

-Evolutionary
-Screwed up face to avoid toxins

Surprise communicated via what and why

-Evolutionary
-Eye brows, eyes, mouth wide open
-Secondary to preparation for fight or flight

Fear communicated how

Slightly less exaggerated than surprise

Fear communicated how

-Eyes narrow
-Mouth: Snarl

Rate of speech and number of disturbances depends on what

-Type of lie
-Making up lie harder than concealing truth

Average lie detection accuracy

54%

Factors in detecting deception (studies)

-Compare current to past behaviour
-Lie is important
-Lie is complicated
-Retrospect or feedback