Unit 7: Motivation, Emotion, and Personality

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Instincts

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53 Terms

1

Instincts

are complex, inherited behavior patterns characteristic of a species.

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2

Ethologist

(animal behaviorist) Konrad Lorenz, who worked with baby ducks and geese, investigated an example considered an instinct.

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3

Imprinting

Ducks and geese form a social attachment to the first moving object they see or hear at a critical period soon after birth by following that object, which is usually their mother.

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4

Sociobiology

which tries to relate social behaviors to evolutionary biology.

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5

Drive reduction theory

behavior is motivated by the need to reduce drives such as hunger, thirst, or sex.

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6

Homeostasis

is the body’s tendency to maintain an internal steady state of metabolism, to stay in balance.

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7

Metabolism

is the sum total of all chemical processes that occur in our bodies and are necessary to keep us alive.

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8

Incentive

is a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior, pulling us toward a goal.

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9

Secondary motives

motives we learn to desire, are learned through society’s pull.

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10

Arousal

is the level of alertness, wakefulness, and activation caused by activity in the central nervous system.

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11

Yerkes–Dodson rule

states that we usually perform most activities best when moderately aroused, and efficiency of performance is usually lower when arousal is either low or high.

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12

Hunger

Early research indicated that stomach contractions caused hunger.

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13

Hunger and Hormones

The hypothalamus reduces hunger by stimulating the small intestine to release cholecystokinin when food enters.

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14

Lateral hypothalamus (LH)

was originally called the “on” button for hunger.

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15

Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

was called the satiety center, or “off” button, for hunger.

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16

Bulimia nervosa

is a more common eating disorder characterized by eating binges involving the intake of thousands of calories, followed by purging either by vomiting or using laxatives.

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17

Sexual orientation

refers to the direction of an individual’s sexual interest.

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18

Homosexuality

is a tendency to direct sexual desire toward another person of the same sex, and bisexuality is a tendency to direct sexual desire toward people of both sexes.

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19

Heterosexuality

is a tendency to direct sexual desire toward people of the opposite sex.

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20

Achievement motive

is a desire to meet some internalized standard of excellence.

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21

Affiliation motive

is the need to be with others.

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22

Intrinsic motivation

is a desire to perform an activity for its own sake rather than an external reward.

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23

Extrinsic motivation

is a desire to perform an activity to obtain a reward from outside the individual, such as money and other material goods we have learned to enjoy, such as applause or attention.

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24

Conflict

involves being torn in different directions by opposing motives that block you from attaining a goal, leaving you feeling frustrated and stressed.

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25

Avoidance-avoidance conflicts

are situations involving two negative options, one of which you must choose.

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26

Approach-avoidance conflicts

are situations involving whether or not to choose an option that has both a positive and negative consequence or consequences.

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27

Multiple approach-avoidance conflict

which involves several alternative courses. of action that have both positive and negative aspects.

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28

Emotion

is a conscious feeling of pleasantness or unpleasantness accompanied by biological activation and expressive behavior; emotion has cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components.

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29

Stress

is the process by which we appraise and respond to environmental threats.

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30

Hans Selye

we react similarly to both physical and psychological stressors. Stressors are stimuli such as heat, cold, pain, mild shock,restraint, etc., that we perceive as endangering our well-being.

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31

Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

three-stage theory of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion describes our body's reaction to stress.

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32

id

which consists of everything psychological that is inherited, and psychic energy that powers all three systems.

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33

ego

mediates between our instinctual needs and the conditions of the surrounding environment in order to maintain our life and see that our species lives on.

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34

superego

which is composed of the conscience and the ego-ideal

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35

Defense mechanisms

operate unconsciously and deny, falsify, or distort reality.

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36

Repression

is the pushing away of threatening thoughts, feelings, and memories into the unconscious mind

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37

Regression

is the retreat to an earlier level of development characterized by more immature, pleasurable behavior.

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38

Rationalization

is offering socially acceptable reasons for our inappropriate behavior

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39

Projection

is attributing our own undesirable thoughts, feelings, or actions to others.

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40

Displacement is shifting unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or actions from a more threatening person or object to another, less threatening person or object.

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41

Reaction formation

is acting in a manner exactly opposite to our true feelings.

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42

Sublimation

is the redirection of unacceptable sexual or aggressive impulses into more socially acceptable behaviors.

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43

Personal unconscious

is similar to Freud's preconscious and unconscious, a storehouse of all our own past memories, hidden instincts, and urges unique to us.

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44

Collective unconscious

is the powerful and influential system of the psyche that contains universal memories and ideas that all people have inherited from our ancestors over the course of evolution.

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45

Archetypes

or common themes found in all cultures, religions, and literature, both ancient and modern.

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46

Individuation

is the psychological process by which a person becomes an individual, a unified whole, including conscious and unconscious processes.

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47

Reciprocal determinism

which states that the characteristics of the person, the person's behavior, and the environment all affect one another in two-way causal relationships.

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48

Self-efficacy

is our belief that we can perform behaviors that are necessary to accomplish tasks, and that we are competent.

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49

Collective efficacy

is our perception that with collaborative effort, our group will obtain its desired outcome.

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50

Cardinal trait

is a defining characteristic, in a small number of us, that dominates and shapes all of our behavior.

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51

Central trait

is a general characteristic, between 5 and 10 of which shape much of our behavior.

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52

Self-concept

is our overall view of our abilities, behavior, and personality or what we know about ourselves.

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53

Self-esteem

is one part of our self-concept, or how we evaluate ourselves.

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