E4 💧 Water balance (lecture portion 25% + Quizes 50%)

CH; 26 Exam 4

What are the 2 compartment of water in the body

1. Intracellular fluid (ICF)

2. Extracellular fluid (ECF)

How much of body is contained in each

1. Intracellular fluid (ICF)

2. Extracellular fluid (ECF)

1. Intracellular fluid (ICF) - 2/3

2. Extracellular fluid (ECF) - 1/3

extracellular is broken into two sub-compartments, list the 2 compartments and how many liters they hold

1. Plasma- 3L

2. Interstitial Fluid - 12L (4x more then plasma)

Name the Ions highest in the cell (ICF)

• Potassium (K+)

• Protein

Name the Ions highest outside the cell (ECF)

• Sodium (Na+)

• Chloride (Cl-)

• Bicarbonate (HCO3)

• Calcium (Ca)

List the factors that lead to water input from high to low.

60%- 

30%-

10%-

60%- Beverages

30%- Food

10%-Oxidative phosphorylation (metabolism)

List the factors that lead to water output from high to low.

60%- 

28%-

8%-

4%-

60%- Urination

28%- Skin and Lungs (Insensible Loss)

8%- Sweat

4%-Feces

What is the MAIN effect of Atrial Natriuretic hormone ANH

Moves sodium into the urine (water follows Na)

What does ANH do to

• Blood volume

• Blood pressure

↓ Blood volume

↓ Blood pressure

What is the MAIN effect of aldosterone

Reabsorption of sodium into the blood

What does Aldosterone do to

• Blood volume

• Blood pressure

↑ Blood volume

↑ Blood pressure

What is the MAIN effect of Antidiuretic Hormone ADH

Reabsorption of water

In order to ADH to reabsorb water what must it create in the kidney tubules

aquaporin channels

ADH

• Blood volume

• Blood pressure

↑ Blood volume

↑ Blood pressure

↑ H+

↓ pH

Acidic

↓ H+

↑ pH

Basic / alkaline

What is the pH of blood

7.35 - 7.45 (slightly basic)

If the pH of blood were to drop in pH (7.30) , what should the term be

acidosis

If the pH of blood were to increase in pH (7.50) , what should the term be

alkalosis

would acidosis or alkalosis depress the nervous system which might be to coma or death

Acidosis

would acidosis or alkalosis excite the nervous system, which might lead to seizures or muscle spasms.

Alkalosis

What are buffers

They resist pH changes by absorbing or releasing H+

What are the 2 main chemical buffers that can absorb or release H+

1. bicarbonate (most important)

2. Protein

What are the 2 body systems involved in physiological buffers

1. respiratory system

2. renal system

In the respiratory system, when there is ↑CO there is also ↑ ?

↑H+

Hypoventilation does what with CO2

Increases CO2 levels (↑ H+)

If Hypoventilation causes CO2 levels (↑ H+), what does this lead to

respiratory acidosis

Hyperventilation does what with CO2

Decreases CO2 levels (↓ H+)

if Hyperventilation causes Decreases CO2 levels (↓ H+), what does this lead to

Respiratory alkalosis

In the renal system , if HCO3 is excreted in the urine, what does what do to H+

↑ H+ concentration.

Why would the lost presence of HCO3 ↑ H+ concentration.

decreased buffering capacity

If the kidneys 

Secrete → HCO3

Reabsorb → H+

What pH does this lead to?

Acidic pH

If the kidneys 

Secrete → H+

Reabsorb → HCO3

What pH does this lead to?

Alkaline pH

What are the 2 types of abnormalities of acid-base balance

1. respiratory Acidosis & Alkalosis

2. Metabolic Acidosis & Alkalosis

What is Metabolic Acidosis & Alkalosis

Caused by anything other than a breathing problem (e.g., kidney failure, digestive issues).

Give 2 Example: Metabolic Acidosis

1. Excessive alcohol consumption (alcohol is an acid)

2. Diarrhea (loss of base/bicarbonate)

Give 2 Example: Metabolic Alkalosis:

1. Vomiting (loss of stomach acid)

2. excessive antacid

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Each of the following is a chemical buffer, except?

1. bicarbonate

2. calcium

3. proteins

calcium

Each of the following are mechanisms that regulate pH, except ___________.

1. breathing

2. proteins

3. kidneys

4. carbohydrates

carbohydrates

Atrial natriuretic hormone causes which of the following to occur?

1. a decrease in blood pressure

2. the bladder to stretch

3. the heart to stretch

4. a decrease in urinary production

a decrease in blood pressure

Most water in the body is found within which region of the body?

1. plasma

2. interstitial fluid

3. intracellular compartment

intracellular compartment

Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________.

1. a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids

2. a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction

3. a runner has completed a very long marathon

4. the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions

a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction

Solute Sucks is the memory device I use in class to help you remember ____________.

1. to buy popcorn at the movies

2. water likes to follow sodium

3. how to kill a slug

4. how all hormones work

water likes to follow sodium

The body's water volume is most closely tied to the level of which of the following ions?

1. calcium ions

2. potassium ions

3. hydrogen ions

4. sodium ions

sodium ions

Which location contains the lowest percentage of the water within an extracellular compartment of the human body?

1. plasma

2. interstitial fluid

3. cytoplasm

plasma

Which best describes the difference between extracellular (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF)?

1. ECF contains completely different electrolytes than ICF.

2. ECF has a much lower concentration of K+ than ICF.

3. ECF contains more protein than ICF.

4. ECF is within the cells.

ECF has a much lower concentration of K+ than ICF.

Which is not one of the chemical buffers we discussed in class?

1. hemoglobin

2. proteins

3. bicarbonate ions

hemoglobin

Which substances are found to be in a higher concentration extracellularly: (Choose all correct)

1. sodium

2. proteins

3. potassium

4. chloride

• sodium

• chloride

Which substances are found in higher concentrations intracellularly? (Choose 2)

1. sodium

2. proteins

3. potassium

4. chloride

• proteins

• potassium

Which usually represents the lowest percentage of a person's daily water output?

1. urination

2. respiration

3. defecation

defecation

Which represents the least amount of your daily water intake:

1. food intake

2. oxidative phosphorylation

3. liquid intake

oxidative phosphorylation

Which region of the body has the highest protein content?

1. plasma

2. intracellular compartment

3. interstitial fluid

Intracellular compartment

Which process in the formation of urine most directly influences pH?

1. catabolism of glucose

2. reabsorption of potassium

3. filtration of bicarbonate

4. secretion of hydrogen ions

secretion of hydrogen ions

Which pH of blood represents the condition called acidosis, even though this pH level is technically basic?

1. 7.35

2. 7.45

3. 7.30

4. 7.50

7.30

Which of the following pH levels represents the condition termed alkalosis?

1. 7.35

2. 7.45

3. 7.30

4. 7.50

7.50

Which of the following organs is not involved in the elimination of water from the body?

1. lungs

2. skin

3. intestines

4. kidneys

5. all are involved

all are involved

Which of the following is not one of the primary mechanisms that regulate blood pH?

1. respiratory function

2. blood lipids

3. renal function

4. bicarbonate ions

blood lipids