L1 - thorax + lungs

what makes up the thoracic wall

thoracic cage (bones)

skin, muscle, and fascia

what makes up the thoracic cavity

pleura + pleural cavity

mediastinum 

what bones make up the thoracic cage

sternum, 12 ribs, 12 thoracic vertebrae

describe the structure of the sternum

(superior → inferior)

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

describe the structure of a rib

(posterior → anterior)

head, neck, tubercle, body/shaft, costal groove (+ costal cartilage)

how are ribs classified

true (1-7), false (8-12), floating (11-12)

typical (3-9), atypical (1-2, 10-12)

describe the structure of a thoracic vertebrae

(anterior → posterior)

body, pedicles, transverse processes, laminae, spinous process

what structures occupy the intercostal space

intercostal muscles, neurovascular bundle on costal groove, collateral branches

name the intercostal muscles

(superficial → deep)

external, internal, innermost intercostal muscles

describe the arrangement of intercostal muscles

fibres rub in different directions

what structures makes up the neurovascular bundle and describe the orientation of them

(superior → inferior) VAN:

intercostal vein, intercostal artery, intercostal neurone 

what defines the superior thoracic aperture (inlet)

1st vertebrae, 1st rib, and sternum

what defines the inferior thoracic aperture (outlet)

xiphisternal joint, costal cartilage of ribs 7-10, ribs 11-12, thoracic vertebrae 12

how is the diaphragm connected to the thoracic outlet

via central tendon, and the left and right crura

name the 3 passageways through the diaphragm

caval opening

oesophageal hiatus

aortic hiatus

how is the mediastinum divided

superior + inferior divided by sternal angle

inferior further divided into anterior, middle, posterior mediastina around heart

name the pleural sheet surrounding the lung

visceral pleura

name the pleural sheet in contact with the mediastinum

parietal pleura

describe th estructure of the trachea

tracheal cartilage + trachealis muscle in contact with the oesophagus (posterior side) + ligaments

bifurcates at carina into L + R bronchi

describe the difference between the L + R bronchi

right/main bronchus is shorter, wider, and descends more vertically

right bronchus divides into 3 lobar bronchi + left divides into 2

(lobe bronchi segment further into segmental bronchi)

describe the structure of a lung

apex + base on contrary side

subdivided into lobes by fissures

describe the subdivisions of the right lung

(superior → inferior)

3 lobes: superior, middle, inferior lobe

2 fissures: horizontal, oblique

describe the subdivisions of the left lung

(superior → inferior)

2 lobes: superior, inferior lobe

1 fissure: oblique

also has lingula + cardiac notch

what is the hilum of the lungs

triangular depression housing the root of the lungs

name the structures in the root of the lung and state their relative locations

most posterior: bronchus

most superior: pulmonary artery

most anterior + inferior: superior + inferior pulmonary veins

what nerves innervate the thoracic viscera

phrenic nerve + vagus nerve (CNX)

describe the orientation of the 2 major nerves throughout the thorax

at neck, phrenic lies posterior + vagus lies anterior

switch when crossing thoracic inlet so phrenic lies anterior + vagus lies posterior

vagus nerve splits into vagal trunks which anchor on the oesophagus

what is innervated by the vagus nerve

thoracic viscera, penetrates diaphragm to innervate abdominal viscera

what is innervated by the phrenic nerve

diaphragm and pericardium