movements in architecture 2 - quiz 3

post office savings bank

• located in vienna, austria

• built in 1901 by otto wagner

• is an art-deco esque structure, utilizing marble, stone, steel, and glass - deemed to be geometric, clean, and functional; modern/art deco

post office savings bank - image

otto wagner

an austrian architect credited with being the “father of modern architecture”, curated the vienna succession, wrote the beginning of modern architecture, and believed that architecture should follow the changing world

loves to incorporate the fine arts, intentional material selection, the industrial revolution, etc.

“modern art must yield for us modern ideas, forms, created for us, which represent our abilities, our acts, and our preferences.”

maisons du peuple - the house of the people

• located in brussels, belgium

• built in 1895 and designed by victor horta

• architecture inspired by growing socialist movement; known as a communal place of living for the working class; art nouveau

maisons du peuple - the house of the people - image

the red house

• located in bexleyheath, england

• built in 1850 and designed by william morris

• inspired by medievalism and gothic styles, but is the beginning of the arts and crafts style

the red house - image

the gamble house

• located in pasadena, california

• built in 1907 and designed by charles & henry greene

• peak california bungalow - red wood shingles, extended trusses, multiple terraces; incorporates the landscape in and out of its design; american arts and crafts

the gamble house - image

casa mila

• located in barcelona, spain

• built in 1912 and designed by antoni gaudi

• characterized by its constant, flowing exterior, mirroring the trends found in more naturalistic settings; art nouveau

casa mila - image

antoni gaudi

a spanish architect that wanted abstraction from medieval forms and figures; loved glass, ceramic, decorative arts, etc.

thought that architecture was living art and centered most ideas on the organic forms, and naturalistic forms provided the most aesthetically pleasing solutions; biomimicry in its most basic sense

thomas crane public library

• located in quincy, massachusetts

• built in 1882 and designed by hh richardson

• utilized local materials, has a lot of arches, and heavy wooden interiors; richardson romanesque

thomas crane public library - image

ames gate lodge

• located in easton, massachusetts

• built in 1880 and designed by hh richardson

• richardson romanesque

ames gate lodge - image

first leiter building

• located in chicago, illinois

• built in 1879 and designed by william le baron jenney

• none to little ornament on the exterior; a series in projects that came out of the chicago school, expansive glass window facades

first leiter building - image

the chicago school

not an actual school, but an organization comprising of two sects of architects and designers - the commercial and the domestic

the auditorium building

• located in chicago, illinois

• built in 1886 and designed by louis sullivan and dankmar adler

• the center for music; a transitional building in both function - seating is a standard 4200 but can expand to 7000 and decrease to 3000 - and in appearance - exterior is stone and devoid of ornament, while the interior had a plethora of organic ornament; chicago school

the auditorium building - image

louis sullivan and dankmar adler

an extremely popular architect duo, with one being more acoustics and structure focused and the other being more design and aesthetic focused, whose structures were precursors to the new modernist movement

one of the two studied at the ecole des beaux arts, and is known for the idea of “form following function”

stoclet palace

• located in brussels, belgium

• built in 1905 and designed by josef hoffmann

• very art deco despite being inspired by art nouveau, extremely angular marked by gold molding and white marble; glass heavy; vienna succession / art deco

stoclet palace - image

the reliance building

• located in chicago, illinois

• built in 1890 and designed by daniel burnham and john wellborn root

• designed three years before the chicago exhibition, has as much glass as it possibly could and lots of terracotta in the upper levels; chicago school

the reliance building - image

the monadnock building

• located in chicago, illinois

• built in 1891 and designed by daniel burnham and john wellborn root

• one of the tallest load baring brick buildings (standing at 215 ft with 16 stories); built in two parts, with the second part being completed in 1893 via steel skeletons; chicago school

the monadnock building - image

frederick c. robie house

• located in river forest, illinois - general chicago area

• built in 1908 and designed by frank lloyd wright

• the iconic central fireplace and an emphasis on the horizontal that’s strengthen by its pointed corners; prairie

frederick c. robie house - image

winslow house

• located in chicago, illinois

• built in 1893 and designed by frank lloyd wright

• very early prairie, a heavy hipped roof, and understated terracotta; prairie

winslow house - image

frank lloyd wright

an american architect inspired by many things including industrialization, arts and crafts, japanese prints, froebel blocks, and more, all of which contributed to his notable “craftsman style”

worked under louis sullivan; “no house should ever be on a hill or on anything. it should be of the hill…”

gesamtkunstwerk

a german term; a total work of art, every part of the building is art

developed by otto wagner that translated to the new, modern vienna architecture

montgomery schuyler

“in literature, the classical rules are used. in architecture, they are copied…in architecture alone does an archeological study pass for a work of art…it is not the training that i am deprecating but the resting in the training as not a preparation but an attainment.”

john ruskin

“there is no wealth but life.”

american bar

• located in vienna, austria

• built in 1908 and designed by adolf loos

• highlighted american architecture in european spaces and was a study of seating arrangements - their proportions, how they take up volume and space; modernism

american bar - image

villa müller

• located in prague, czech republic

• built in 1930 and designed by adolf loos

• a showcase for reinforced concrete, a more cubic building - recognition of the connection of space; early german modernism

villa müller - image

adolf loos

best known for ornament and crime, a book dismissing the usage of ornament in buildings; an early modernist and austrian architect who specialized in space planning

“my architecture is in no sense conceived in plans, but instead in spaces…each space demands a different height…”

alexanderhaus

• located in berlin, germany

• built in 1929 and designed by peter behrens

• an office building that kinda don’t look like an office building; bauhaus

alexanderhaus - image

peter behrens

a german architect who was a foundational member of and led the deustcher werkbund; wanted to emphasize the integration of technology with architecture without having ornament; created the first corporate identity with AEG

“design is not about decorating functional forms - it is about creating forms that accord with the character of the object and that show new technologies to advantage”

glass pavilion

• located in cologne, germany

• built in 1914 and designed by bruno taut

• influenced by russian painter wassily kandinsky; high glass dome, with yellow and orange feature, very mystical and expressive; german expressionism

glass pavilion - image

einstein tower

• located in potsdam, germany

• built in 1917 and designed by eric mendelsohn

• the curves make it more art nouveau than it actually is; an observatory dedicated to testing einstein’s theories; german futurism

einstein tower - image

i.g. farben building

• located in frankfurt, germany

• built in 1928 and designed by hans poelzig

• a response to expressionism during the years of the weimar republic; a curved, institutional looking building known for being a “symbol of iron and stone” and a “reflection of german science;” bauhaus

i.g. farben building - image

haus 1-4

• also known as weissenhof siedlung

• located in stuggart, germany

• built in 1927 and designed by mies van der rohe

• developed during a time where people moved from the country to the city, essentially a housing crisis; modular in nature, designed to fit the needs of most to all people at affordable pricing; bauhaus

haus 1-4 - image

mies van der rohe

a german-american architect who thought that good designs should be accessible to all, and, in such, designed a building that was meant to be mass produced, resulting in cheaper cost

believed in the new objective and didn’t like ornament - preferring cleaner buildings

“less is more”

zeitgeist

a german term referring to the “spirit of the time” - essentially, what goes on culturally, religiously, or intellectually in a specific place of time

the deustcher werkbund

the german association of craftsman which was founded by hermann muthesius and established in 1907; designed everything in order to forge closer links between industry and artist (and catching up with england)

raumplan

a spatial planning strategy created by adolf loos; consisted of varying ceiling heights that were determined by the function of each room; included interconnected spaces, spatial illusions, functionality, and organic layouts

gesamtkunstwerk

a german term meaning a “total work of art,” every part of the building is art; developed by otto wagner to apply to modern vienna architecture and was the foundational philosophy of walter gropius’s bauhaus

neue sachlichkeit

a german term describing the “new objectivity” or the “new sobriety” - everything is made new after the war opens the eyes; the bauhaus stems from this concept

margaret esherick house

• located in philadelphia, pennsylvania

• built in 1961 and designed by louis kahn

• resulted from the refinement of kahn’s previous work, very corbusier reminiscent; modernism

margaret esherick house - image

trenton bath house

• located in ewing, new jersey

• built in 1955 and designed by louis kahn

• played with lots of shapes - squares and circles mainly, the beginning of kahn’s stylistic development; modernism

trenton bath house - image

phillips exeter academy library

• located in new hampshire, new jersey

• built in 1972 and designed by louis kahn

• geometry specifies three different zones, creating buildings within buildings; a space for people, a space for books, a space for the circulation; late modernism

phillips exeter academy library - image

louis kahn

had studied a lot of international style before developing his own style with influences of war displacement

came up with the served and the server as a method for the division of space; possible influence through adolf loos’ raumplan; service areas are the backbone of the project (think storage, maintenance, etc), and served areas are the heart of the project (think socializing, meeting, living, residential, etc.)

vanna venturi house

• located in philadelphia, pennsylvania

• built in 1964 and designed by robert venturi and denise scott brown

• starts to bring back curves, arches, angles, callbacks to past architectural styles; an overall statement against modernism; post-modernism

vanna venturi house - image

guild house

• located in philadelphia, pennsylvania

• built in 1963 and designed by robert venturi and denise scott brown

• juxtaposed the international style; different for the time, despite being pretty tame in their project history; post-modernism

guild house - image

robert venturi and denise scott brown

came up with the idea of “the duck and the decorated shed", a method that utilizes ornament that is independent of the project’s function

“less ia a bore”

walt disney world’s dolphin and swan hotel

• located in lake buena vista, florida

• built in 1989 - 1990 and designed by michael graves

• loved by the disney corporation; like projects of the arts and crafts, everything is designed; overscaled and has lots of color; post-modernism

dolphin and swan hotel - image

ppg place

• located in pittsburg, pennsylvania

• built in 1984 and designed by philip johnson and john burgee

• really big glass tower type structure; neo-gothic/post-modern

ppg place - image

the at&t building

• located in new york, new york

• built in 1984 and designed by philip johnson

• heavy classical detailing - pediment top on the exterior, marble floors, classical arches, coffers, just really oversized; post-modernism

the at&t building - image

dancing house

• also known as “fred and ginger”

• located in prague, czech republic

• built in 1996 and designed by frank gehry

• makes applied structural systems the main focus rather than the reduction of ornament; post-modernism

dancing house - image

vitra fire station

• located in weil am rhein, germany

• built in 1993 and designed by zaha hadid

• lots of oblique angles without any connection to anything that’s familiar; no color and very oversized; deconstruction

vitra fire station - image

the jewish museum / holocaust memorial museum

• located in berlin, germany

• built in 1989 - 2001 and designed by daniel libeskind

• zigzags placed right next to a traditional building; gashed out windows, lots of geometry; deconstruction

the jewish museum - image

ufa cinema center

• located in dresden, germany

• built in 1998 and designed by coop himmelb(l)au

• tilted volumes, fractured roofs, lots of glass; deconstruction

ufa cinema center - image

proun

developed by el lissitzsky; ideas taken from the de stijl movement and russian constructivism - abstract architecture turns into abstract art

a new spatial form that utilizes planes, lines, spaces, etc, but the 2D and 3D elements don’t join together; non-objective based within gravity