Studied by 79 PeopleTags & Description
least movable end of the muscle
what is the origin of the muscle?
most movable end of the muscle
what is the insertion of the muscle?
agonist
what is the muscle most directly involved in bringing about a movement, also known as the prime mover?
antagonist
what is the muscle that can slow down or stop the movement?
synergist
what is the muscle that assists indirectly in a movement?
false
true or false
all muscles in the body act through levers
bony levers
what do body movements directly involved in sport and exercise primarily act through?
moment arm
what is the distance between the fulcrum and the area where force is applied
mechanical advantage
what is the ratio of the moment arm through which an applied force acts to that through which a resistive force acts?
mechanical advantage
is it a mechanical advantage or disadvantage when a person can apply less force than the resistive force to produce an equal amount of torque?
mechanical disadvantage
is it a mechanical advantage or disadvantage when a person must apply greater force than the amount of resistive force present?
first class lever
what type of lever has the muscle force and resistive force acting on opposite sides of the fulcrum?
seesaw, sesamoid bone, triceps, neck muscles
what are examples of first class levers?
false (can be advantage or disadvantage)
true or false
first class levers are always at a mechanical disadvantage
second class lever
what type of lever has the muscle force and resistive force on the same side of the fulcrum with the muscle force having a longer moment arm?
true
true or false
second class levers are always at a mechanical advantage
wheelbarrow
what is an example of a second class lever?
third class lever
what is a type of lever where the muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum but the muscle force has a shorter movement arm?
paddling, throwing a baseball
what is an example of a third class lever?
false (disadvantage)
true or false
third class levers are always at a mechanical advantage
high velocity of movement or great range of motion
what are benefits of third class levers?
more work and force, less mechanical efficiency
what are drawbacks of third class levers?
maintaining quad tendon’s distance from knee’s axis of rotation
how does the patella increase the mechanical advantage of the quadriceps muscle group?
third class levers
what type of levers are most muscles in the body?
speed
do more proximal tendon insertions lead to greater speed or strength?
strength
do more distal tendon insertions lead to greater speed or strength?
higher movement velocities
why does olympic weightlifting have a much higher power component than the sport of powerlifting?
concentric
what is the type of muscle contraction in which the muscle is shortening because the contractile force is greater than the resistive force?
how much force a muscle can produce
what do concentric contractions determine?
eccentric
what is the type of muscle contraction in which the muscle is lengthening because the contractile force is less than the resistive force?
how much force a muscle can withstand
what do eccentric contractions determine?
isometric
what is the type of muscle contraction in which the muscle does not change in length because contractile force is equal to resistive force?
less
when weight is horizontally closer to a joint, does it exert more or less resistive torque?
more
when weight is horizontally farther from a joint, does it exert more or less resistive torque?
movement, physiological, injury
what analyses are used to evaluate the requirements and characteristics of the sport in a needs analysis?
movement analysis
what type of analysis analyzes body and limb movement patterns and muscular involvement?
physiological analysis
what type of analysis analyzes the strength, power, hypertrophy, and muscular endurance priorities?
injury analysis
what type of analysis analyzes common sites for joint and muscle injury and causative factors?
adduction of hip, internal rotation of hip, anterior translation of tibia
what are the mechanisms of injury for an ACL tear?
low sport practice, high resistance training
what are the general training priorities during off-season?
medium sport practice, medium resistance training
what are the general training priorities during preseason?
high sport practice, low resistance training
what are the general training priorities during in-season?
restoring range of motion
what are the general training priorities during postseason?
one or more large muscle areas, two or more primary joints, prioritized because of direct application to sport
what are characteristics of core exercises?
smaller muscle areas, one primary joint, less important to improving sport performance
what are characteristics of assistance exercises
structural exercise
what type of exercises emphasize loading the spine directly or indirectly (axially, anteriorly or posteriorly)?
true
true or false
a front squat is an example of a direct structural exercise
false (indirect)
true or false
a deadlift is an example of a direct structural exercise
power exercises
what are exercises that are structural exercises that are performed very quickly or explosively?
exercises that have a greater likelihood that there will be a positive transfer to the sport
what are sport-specific exercises?
agonist
what muscle or muscle group is actively causing the movement?
antagonist
what muscle or muscle group is passive and located on the opposite side of the limb?
do not involve high stress, promote movement & restoration
what are characteristics of exercises used to promote recovery?
false
true or false
training frequency is not influenced by the overall amount of physical stress
HPA axis
what is stress caused by?
false
true or false
athletes competing during low academic stress weeks are more likely to get injured
power, other nonpower core, assistance
in what order should exercises be performed?
fatigue inhibits the ability to learn new skills
why should power exercises be performed first in a training exercise?
1-6
how many repetitions can demonstrate strength according to the repetition maximum continuum (RM)?
1-5
how many repetitions can demonstrate power according to the repetition maximum continuum (RM)?
6-12
how many repetitions can demonstrate hypertrophy according to the repetition maximum continuum (RM)?
13+
how many repetitions can demonstrate muscular endurance according to the repetition maximum continuum (RM)?
>95% 1RM, based only on core exercises
what load is utilized in strength training goals? are these applicable for all strength training?
80-90% 1RM
what load is utilized in single-effort power training goals?
75-85% 1RM
what load is utilized in multiple-effort power training goals?
65-85% 1RM
what load is utilized in hypertrophy training goals?
<65% 1RM
what load is utilized in muscular endurance?
<6 reps, 2-6 sets
how many sets and repetitions are required for strength training?
1-2 reps, 3-5 sets
how many sets and repetitions are required for single-effort power training?
3-5 reps, 3-5 sets
how many sets and repetitions are required for multiple-effort power training?
6-12 reps, 3-6 sets
how many sets and repetitions are required for hypertrophy training?
>12 reps, 2-3 sets
how many sets and repetitions are required for muscular endurance training?
2-5 min
how much rest is required during strength training?
2-5 min
how much rest is required during single effort power training?
2-5 min
how much rest is required during multiple effort power training?
30-90 sec
how much rest is required during hypertrophy training?
<30 sec
how much rest is required during muscular endurance training?
30-60% 1RM
what load is usually used during traditional resistance exercises?
untrained individuals or during first several months of training
when is single-set training appropriate?
higher volumes, intermediate/advanced resistance-trained athletes
when is multiple-set training appropriate?
training goal, relative load lifted, athlete’s training status
what determines the length of the rest period between sets and exercises?
true
true or false
maximal or near-maximal loads require longer rest periods
2-5 minutes (2-3 songs)
what are the guidelines for rest during strength and power training?
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
what are the stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome?