econ unit test

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us treasury, financial institutions, federal reserve system

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central banking

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us treasury, financial institutions, federal reserve system

what three organizations create money in the us

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minting and selling coins to federal reserve banks

how does the us treasury create money?

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lending consumer’s deposits to other individuals who redeposit money to other institutions

how do financial institutions like commercial banks create money?

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federal reserve bank

most new money begins its life where?

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federal reserve bank

what is the us central bank

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currency, regulating banking activity, acting as the government’s bank, controlling money supply

what is the federal reserve bank responsible for?

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1913

year the us established a central bank

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12

congress divided the nation in to how many districts, each with a central bank

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tasks of district banks

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three bankers, three businesspeople, three representatives of the public

members of the board of directors

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district bank

what does the board of directors supervise?

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Fed’s Board of Governors and the Federal Open Market Committee

who makes virtually all decisions regarding the money supply

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seven

number of people on the board of governors

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president appoints them, congress confirms them

how are members of the board of governors selected

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reserve requirement

a specified percentage of depositors’ money that must be kept on hand by banks

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supervise commercial and 12 district federal reserve banks, enforcing customer protection laws

what does the board of governors do?

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federal open market committee

FOMC stands for

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board of governors (7) and five federal reserve district bank presidents

members of the FOMC

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politically, financially, operationally

three ways the federal reserve system is independent

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term on the board of governors expires every two years

how is the fed politically independent

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sets and operates under its own budget

how is the fed financially independent?

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financial records are exempt from audit; no one may dictate its actions

how is the fed operationally independent?

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congress may remove members from the board of governors for cause, and the fed depends on congress by its existence as it was created by congress

two checks on the fed’s power

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provide uniform currency, regulate member banks, clear checks, acts as a fiscal agent, serves as banker’s bank, creates money

functions of the federal reserve system

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elastic currency

a money supply that can be expanded or contracted

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us treasury

who creates federal reserve notes

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monetary control act of 1980

what act did congress establish in order to prevent banks from escaping regulations by going to state banks?

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clearing

every check or debit card transaction requires

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fiscal agent

an entity such as a bank that handles financial matters for another party

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holds government’s checking account, makes loans to us treasury, gives government financial advice

three parts of the fed’s role as the government’s fiscal agent

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run on the bank

a rush of depositors to the bank seeking to withdraw their money

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the fed

who is the lender of last resort

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lender of last resort

an agency able to lend money to banks when a greater than expected number of depositors wants to receive cash from their accounts

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the money multiplier effect

to increase the money supply, the fed relies heavily on

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money multiplier effect

the expansion of the money supply as a result of commercial banks’ lending their depositors’ money to to others

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money multiplier

the factor that represents the number of times a deposit may be multiplied as it experiences the money multiplier effect

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banks don’t lend all excess reserves, and people won’t redeposit the whole amount

why is the money multiplier unreliable?

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discounting

the lending of money to banks by the federal reserve system

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discount rate

the interest rate charged by the fed to banks for borrowed money

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changing discount rate, changing reserve requirement, using open market operations

three tools of money creation

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open market operations

the purchase or sale of government securities by the federal reserve system to inject or withdraw money from the money supply

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reduces, slows

increasing discount rate _ the money supply and _ the economy

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increases, accelerates

decreasing discount rate _ the money supply and _ the economy

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reduces, slows

increasing reserve requirement _ money supply and _ the economy

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increases, accelerates

decreasing reserve requirement _ money supply and _ the economy

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slowed

rising interest rates mean that the economy is

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accelerating

falling interest rates indicate that the economy is

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monetary policy

the increasing or decreasing of money supply in order to influence the economy

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tight monetary policy

the use by the federal reserve system of one or more of the policy tools to reduce the money supply

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loose monetary policy

the use by the federal reserve system of one or more of its policy tools to increase the money supply

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inflation, slow economic growth and unemployment

a tight monetary policy tends to curb _, but can increase risk of

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economic growth; inflation

a loose monetary policy tends to encourage _ but makes _ more likely

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less

as interest rates rise, people will borrow _ money

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more

as interest rates fall, people will borrow _ money

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demand would exceed supply aka overheating

what would happen if the fed continued to print money beyond the limits of the economy

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decrease growth rate of money supply and cause interest rates to rise

how can an overheated economy be cooled down?

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money

anything a society commonly uses and generally accepts in payment for goods and services

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legal tender

a form of money that the government declares must be accepted by creditors if it is tendered by a debtor

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means of payment for goods and services, measure of value, means of storing purchasing power

three functions of money

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barter

exchange of one person’s goods and services for another’s

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coincidence of wants

both parties of a trade wanting what the other has to offer

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more effective than barter

money as a means of payment means that it is

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standard of measurement

money as a means of value means that it can be used as a

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it retains face value over time

money as a means of storing purchasing power means that

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convenience, portability, divisibility, durability, stability

desirable characteristics of money

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commodity, representative, fiat

three kinds of money

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commodity money

a single commonly used good becomes the medium of exchange

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salt, gold, seashells

commodity money examples

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inflation

commodity money tends to lead to

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full-bodied coin

a coin contains an amount of gold or silver equal to its face value

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token coin

a coin contains a quantity of metal less than its face value

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representative money

money that represents a commodity that some entity holds in store

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fiat money

money without gold or something of substantive value backing it

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faith that others will accept money, limited quantity of money that exists

what keeps the fiat money system functioning

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M1

measure of money Americans have available for immediate spending

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M1

paper and coin money held by the public, traveler’s checks, checking accounts

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M2

money consumers could immediately spend and all money available to spend after a short delay

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M2

includes a variety of savings accounts

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fractional reserve banking

a banker lends more paper money than he can back in gold

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financial market

collection of organizations that assist households in channeling their money to businesses and the government

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commercial banking industry

largest participant in the financial market

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commercial banks

function by accepting deposits from customers and making loans

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free banking

no national banking system

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1836-1864

free banking occurred from

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