Genetics - Exam 1 (Lecture Slides)

Dr. Hopi Hoekstra

Beach mice

Oldfield Deer Mice

live in abandoned agricultural fields throughout the SE United States, Mainland (dark brown coat, light grey belly, striped tail)

Beach Mouse

colonized sand dunes and barrier island habitats, live on sand, lightly colored dorsal coat, no pigment on face, belly, or tail

Evolutionary Fitness

measures the relative ability of an individual to produce viable, fertile offspring, relative to other individuals in the population

Adaptation

increases an individual’s evolutionary fitness relative to other individuals in the population

Mendel’s First experiment crossed what phenotypes? What were the results?

Smooth vs. Wrinkled, cross resulted in smooth peas

Pangenesis

Early concept of heredity proposing that particles carry genetic information from different parts of the body to the reproductive organs (gemmules ((particles) bring traits from body to gametes)

Germ-Plasm

Theory stating that cells in the reproductive organs carry a complete set of genetic information.

Preformation

Early concept of inheritance proposing that a miniature adult (homunculus) resides in either the egg or the sperm and increases in size in development, and that all traits are inherited from the parent that contributes the homunculus.

Blending Inheritance

Traits from both parents blend in the children. Cannot be unblended, accounts for both parents to contribute to children’s traits.

What did Mendel’s results suggest?

Inheritance is through particles (genes in DNA)

Alleles

alternative forms of a gene

Locus

same position on two homologous chromosomes

Phenotype

manifestations of the pair of alleles

Genotype

the pair of alleles

Law of Segregation

Each diploid individual possesses two alleles at a locys. These two alleles seperate when gametes are formed, each allele going into one of the two gametes. One allele is dominant over the recessive allele when alleles are different in a cell.

DNA codes for?

RNA

RNA codes for?

Proteins

Protein expression creates?

phenotypes

Multiplication Rule

probability of two or more events occurring together (multiply probabilities of each event)

Addition Rule

probability of two or more events occuring (add probability of each event)

Chi-Squared Goodness-to-Fit test

uses probability to judge a null hypothesis

Prokaryotes

single-celled organism, no nucleus

Eukaryote

multicellular with nucleus

Prokaryotic Cell Divison

Binary Fission

Eukaryotic Cell Division

Mitosis and Meiosis

Sexual Reproduction