DRRR 1st Sem

Disaster Risk

It is also used to describe the possible losses in lives, health, status, livelihood, assets and services that a community may suffer in the future based on certain factors or conditions.

Disaster Risk

term used to refer to the chances or probability to suffer from the effects of a disaster.

Hazard

are things or events around us that can cause harm or damage to humans, property or the environment.

Exposure

refers to people, property, systems or other elements present in the hazard zones.

Vulnerability

to the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that increases the chances of suffering from a disaster.

Capacity

This refers to the combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources available within a community or organization that can be used to handle a bad situation or a disaster.

three factors of a disaster risk:

a. exposure to hazard

b. vulnerability

c. capacity to cope in terms of resources.

Human Problem

An effect of disaster that includes physical injury, mental health problem, illness, disease, loss of life, and forced migration.

Public Health Problem

An effect of disaster that includes poor sanitation (access to clean drinking water and adequate waste water disposal), increased breeding ground for infectious and emerging diseases, limited or lack of life-saving medications and equipment, isolation from rescue and emergency healthcare services.

Damage to Infrastructure

An effect of disaster that includes collapsed or damaged to the facilities such as bridges, buildings, hospital, housing, irrigation, port, power supplies, roads, school, sewage, telecommunication and water supply.

Environmental Problems

An effect of disaster that includes destruction of animal habitat, environmental pollution, ozone layer depletion, environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity, climate change, acid change, and global warming.

Economic Problem

An effect of disaster that includes economic shutdown, bankruptcy, loss of labor, loss of assets, loss of properties.

Physical

Human Aspects affected by Disaster when **Human body is directly affected during the occurrence of a disaster because of what it is made of, flesh and bones.**

Emotional

Human Aspects affected by Disaster when negative emotions continue to linger even when the situation has improved.

Psychological

Human Aspects affected by Disaster which include mental stress, trauma, post-traumatic disorder to a person.

Sociocultural.

Human Aspects affected by Disaster make an initiative to cope with the situation even before the support from various organizations would come.

Political

Human Aspects affected by Disaster through projects, policies, regulations, and laws which will be implemented to cope with the damage caused by the distraction.

Economic

Human Aspects affected by Disaster when buying and selling activities are interrupted. All businesses essentially operate through production, consumption and distribution of goods and services.

Biological

Human Aspects affected by Disaster through the emergence of disease- causing virus, bacteria, protozoa, parasite, fungus.

Susceptibility

This refers to your proximity and exposure to a hazard.

Proximity

your physical closeness to a hazard zone.

Example: house is near an active fault on the ground.

Exposure

refers to your physical presence in the hazard zone.

Example: living in the city where there are all sorts of vehicles releasing gas exhaust, you are susceptible to air pollution.

Resilience

This refers to your ability to adjust and recover. Your ability depends on your capacity, preparedness, and response.

Capacity

refers to all resources utilized to handle an incident caused by a hazard or to cope with the effects of a disaster. This includes skills, materials, and organizations which will give you the needed recovery support.

Preparedness

are the actions taken before a disaster happens that will guide us how to act once a disaster occurs. Examples are disaster drills, information dissemination, and disaster planning.

Response

appropriate actions taken during or after a disaster to help lessen the negative effects.

example: during an occurrence of earthquake is doing the “duck, cover and hold.”

Socio-economic Indicators

People who have low income, work usually in agriculture or contractual job, and have low educational attainment are vulnerable to disaster. (What indicators of Vulnerable Sectors in the Society?)

Low Income

They would not be able to buy the necessary things for disaster preparedness because of their low income. (Vulnerable Sectors in the Society)

Occupation

They are also exposed to unjust labor practices which make their safety and wellbeing at risk making them vulnerable to physical and health hazards. (Vulnerable Sectors in the Society)

Educational Attainment

People with low educational attainment tend to have poor family planning and limited knowledge about health care which makes them vulnerable to health hazards. (Vulnerable Sectors in the Society)

Demographic Indicators

Young people, aging people, pregnant women, undernourished people, and people with pre-existing medical conditions are mainly vulnerable to the effects of a disaster. (what indicators of vulnerable Sectors in the Society?)

Young people

These people are in the age of 18 and below. These group of people commonly characterized by having a developing immune system, limited knowledge about disaster preparedness, limited skills to survive, and little experience of disaster situation. (Vulnerable Sectors in the Society)

Aging People

These people are aged 60 and above. People around this age usually experience declined strength, poor resistance and endurance to physical activity (Vulnerable Sectors in the Society)

Pregnant women

Women carry a child inside their womb for an average of nine months. Within that period, they experience a lot of physical, emotional and mental changes. They would normally put on weight as pregnancy progresses. Their added weight may limit them to move quickly especially during an emergency making them vulnerable to physical hazard. (Vulnerable Sectors in the Society)

People with pre-existing medical conditions

These are people who have lifelong illnesses such as diabetes, heart conditions, lung problems, and hypertension. (Vulnerable Sectors in the Society)

Physical Vulnerability

Refers to the design and condition of a facility or equipment that makes it inadequate to safe standards or makes it more susceptible to a hazard. (Type of Vulnerability)

Social Vulnerability

Refers to the characteristics which makes someone or something susceptible to certain hazard in terms of demographic and socio-economic profile. This type of vulnerability also includes the customs, beliefs and practices of the society. (Type of Vulnerability)

Economic Vulnerability

Refers to the system, program, activities, or regulation of business which leads to financial loss.(Type of Vulnerability)

Environmental Vulnerability

Refers to the environmental degradation and depletion of natural resources (Type of Vulnerability)

Disaster Risk Formula

(Exposure to hazard) (Vulnerability) / Capacity to Cope

Natural Hazards

These include natural processes or phenomena that may bring harmful and damaging effects to man, the society, and the environment. These comprise of the actual hazardous events or natural conditions that may lead to those hazardous events. (Type of Hazard)

Geological or Geophysical Hazards

they involve the inner layers of the earth, the transformation of the earth’s surface and the mass movement of rocks and soil. (Type of Natural Hazard)

Hydrometeorological Hazards

These processes or phenomena involve the earth’s atmosphere and water resources such as oceans, river, groundwater, and glaciers; and may result to destructive and damaging effects. (Type of Natural Hazard)

Biological Hazards

These comprise of events and processes that have organic origin or are transported by living vectors. These include exposure to disease causing micro-organisms, virus, and toxic bioactive substances that are damaging to life, health, livelihood and environment. (Type of Natural Hazard)

Technological or Man-made Hazards

These hazards are caused by technological or industrial conditions and human activities that may cause injury, death or other health-related effects, damage to properties and the environment, and economic and social disturbances. (Type of Hazard)

Socio-natural Hazards

Some natural events and processes may have increased and worse occurrence as effects of human actions. For example, due to the greenhouse gas emission from human activities, the global climate is affected leading to more dangerous phenomena like prolonged drought and stronger typhoons. Due to overexploitation of our natural resources by man like deforestation and excessive mining, landslides are more likely to occur in mountainous areas. Disease outbreak and epidemics also has higher chance of occurrence in highly polluted areas. (Type of Hazard)

Earthquake

the sudden vibration on the earth’s surface due to the release of energy from the movement of rocks underground.

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Phivolcs)

government agency that monitors earthquake, as well as volcanic activities,

Plates or Tectonic Plates

These refer to the massive broken pieces of the earth’s lithosphere. The portion where two plates meet is called plate boundary and this is where faults are commonly found.

Fault

It is defined as a crack or fracture on the earth’s crust; this is the portion where rocks collapse and move which causes the earthquake. It is formed due to the movement of the plates and it has three types: normal, reverse and lateral (strike- slip).

Fault line

It is the portion of the fault that can be traced, measured and mapped on the surface. It is seen on geological maps to represent the location of the fault.

Focus or Hypocenter

This is the portion along the fault, deep within the earth, where an earthquake originates. This is where displacement of the rocks initially occurs.

Epicenter

It is a portion of the earth’s surface directly above the focus. This is the location on the surface where the earthquake is felt the strongest.

Seismic Waves

The energy released by the earthquake travels as seismic waves. These waves cause the movement of materials within the earth’s layers and on the surface. it has two main types: body waves and surface waves. These waves are detected by the device called seismograph.

Magnitude

This describes the relative energy of an earthquake as detected by seismograph.

Richter Scale

Seismologists calculate and analyze the data; then, assign a Hindu- Arabic number (1.0-10.0) for the earthquake which can be interpreted using?

Intensity

This describes how strong the earthquake as felt by the people; it is based on the observed effects of the event to people, objects, structures and the environment.

Phivolcs Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS)

A Roman numeral (I-X) rating is given to the earthquake to represent its intensity and it is assigned based on?

Ground Rupture

Due to the movement of rocks along the fault, deformation on the ground along the fault planes may be seen. In dip slip faults such as the normal and reverse fault, a portion of the ground may slide up while the other side may slide down causing the crack on the surface. (Earthquake Hazard)

Ground Shaking

Since earthquake is a sudden vibration, its major damaging effect is the shaking of the ground and the materials that are found on it. (Earthquake Hazard)

Liquefaction

Due to the shaking of the ground, water from a nearby source—such as sea, river, lake or groundwater—mixes with the soil. Because of this, the soil behaves like liquid and materials on top it may sink, fall, tilt or break; much like how quicksand engulfs object on top of it. It may also cause flood. (Earthquake Hazard)

Earthquake-induced landslide

types of downward movement of rocks and soil may increase due to earthquake. (Earthquake Hazard)

Tsunami

When earthquake occur on the sea or the ocean floor, it pushes the water creating a huge wave (Earthquake Hazard)

triangulation

There should be at least three seismic stations where seismographs that will detect the seismic waves of the earthquake are located. Using the data, the distance of the station from the epicenter will be determined. The distance will be used as the radius to draw a circle from the station using a map. The circles from the three seismic station will meet at a common point and that is where the epicenter of the earthquake is located.

Volcano

is an opening on the earth’s surface where molten rocks called lava, hot rocks, ash, and gases come out. It is formed due to the movement of the plates of the earth.

Main vent

an opening on the earth’s crust where molten rocks and other volcanic materials pass through; it is the main passage of materials form the magma chamber to the surface.

Crater

also known as the mouth of the volcano; it is the depression found at the end of the vent where materials are ejected.

Secondary vent

on large volcanoes, many passageways may form; secondary vents may branch out from the main vent.

Magma chamber

this is the storage of molten rocks deep within the volcano.

Cone

it is the mountainous or hilly portion that surrounds a volcano; it is formed from the squeezing of the plates and the accumulatio of volcanic materials.

Lava flow

molten rocks within a volcano are called magma; once they are released to the surface, they are called lava.

Ash cloud

During volcanic activity, volcanoes may release a cloud of gas, ash and pieces of volcanic rocks called tephra.

Active

They erupted within the last 600 years based on history documented by man or if it has erupted within the last 10,000 years based on the analyses of volcanic rock deposits. (e.g. Mt. Mayon) (Types of Volcano and Volcanic Eruption according to Activity)

Potentially active

**These are young-looking, or newly formed volcanoes but has no records of eruption whether based on historical or analytical data. (e.g Mt. Apo)** (Types of Volcano and Volcanic Eruption according to Activity)

Inactive or dormant

These volcanoes have no record of eruption and their physical forms was changed by erosion and weathering such as the formation of deep and long water channels. Although, they may still show signs of the presence of magma within by emission of gases and presence of hot springs. (e.g. Mt. Makiling) (Types of Volcano and Volcanic Eruption according to Activity)

Extinct

This type of volcanoes is considered unlikely to erupt again because they do not have magma supply anymore. (e.g. Mt. Guinsiliban) (Types of Volcano and Volcanic Eruption according to Activity)

Shield Cone

It has a wide base and gentle slope formed from accumulation of after quiet eruptions; it looks like a turned over shield. (Types of Volcano and Volcanic Eruption according to shape)

Cinder Cone

It has narrow base and steep slope formed by the accumulation of pycroclasts or tephra (solid rock fragments) after violent eruptions. (Types of Volcano and Volcanic Eruption according to shape)

Composite or stratovolcano

tall, cone-shaped volcano formed from accumulation of lava and tephra due to alternating quiet and violent eruptions. (Types of Volcano and Volcanic Eruption according to shape)

Fissure Volcano

long cracks in the rocks where lava and volcanic materials ooze; the crack was formed from divergent plate movement. (Types of Volcano and Volcanic Eruption according to shape)

Magmatic

It is magma-driven characterized mostly by ejection of molten rocks and pyroclastic materials. It can be quiet such as Icelandic and Hawaiian eruptions, intermediate such as Strombolian and Vulcanian, and violent such as Pelean and Plinian eruption. (Types of Volcano and Volcanic Eruption according to eruption)

Phreatic

It is steam-driven. The water from a nearby source such as aquifer (groundwater) or crater lake is heated rapidly by magma underneath causing the ejection of steam carrying ash and tephra. (Types of Volcano and Volcanic Eruption according to eruption)

Phreatomagmatic

This type of eruption is a combination of lava, pyroclastic materials and steam. (Types of Volcano and Volcanic Eruption according to eruption)

Lava Flow

It is the movement of very hot molten rocks from the crater of the volcano. The speed of the movement of lava depends on its viscosity and the steepness of the slope. (Volcanic Hazard)

Pyroclastic Flow

It is characterized by dry, rapid and strong ejection of hot, solid rock fragments along the slope of volcano. It is mixed with hot gases and moves very fast. (Volcanic Hazard)

Ballistic Projectile

This is almost similar to pyroclastic flow but the direction of ejection is upward. (Volcanic Hazard)

Volcanic Ash

These are fine fragments ejected by the volcano. It commonly forms ash clouds above the crater; the particles in the ash cloud are charged which may result to formation of lighting. (Volcanic Hazard)

Volcanic Gases

Majority of the gas released by volcanoes is steam or water vapor which can push the rock fragments violently forming pyroclastic flow, ballistic projectile and ash clouds. It also contains toxic gases such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide et cetera which are harmful when inhaled. (Volcanic Hazard)

Lahar

It is the cement-like mixture of volcanic rocks like lava and pyroclasts with water. It happens when the eruption is phreatomagmatic, the materials pass through a water source like river or lake, or a heavy rain occurs during or after the eruption. (Volcanic Hazard)

Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ)

is a delineated and identified where no permanent habitation is recommended due to the possible impact of various hazards at any time.

hazard maps.

maps illustrate potential for ground-based volcanic impacts—lava flows, pyroclastic flows, ashfall, volcanic gases, and more far-reaching hazards (such as lahars) in valleys that drain the volcano.