AP Human Geography Unit 5

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134 Terms

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agriculture
the purposeful tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber
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subsistence agriculture
level of farming in which a person raises only enough food to feed his or her family
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plant domestication
altering the behaviors, size and genetics of plants to benefit humans
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First Agricultural Revolution
The period roughly 10,000 years ago during which humans first began domesticating crops and animals
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terrace farming
cutting of "steps" into the mountains that allowed for more agriculture
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irrigation
a system that supplies dry land with water through ditches, pipes, or streams
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carrying capacity
the largest population that an environment can support at any given time
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slash-and-burn
a farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land
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swidden
Land that is prepared for agriculture by using the slash-and-burn method.
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deforestation
the loss or destruction of forests, mainly for logging or farming
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desertification
lower land productivity caused by overfarming, overgrazing, seasonal drought, and climate change
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Enclosure Act
Laws passed by Parliament "closing off" common lands to small farmers
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barbed wire
used for fencing and invented to keep cattle from trampling crops
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Third Agricultural Revolution
20th century; tractor; monoculture; irrigation; petroleum; Agro-Biotechnology; GMOs
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Green Revolution
Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.
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GMOs
Crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods
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pastoral nomadism
A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.
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ranching
a form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area
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shifting cultivation
farmers aim to maintain soil fertility by rotating the fields they cultivate
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plantation
an estate where cash crops are grown on a large scale (especially in tropical areas)
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truck farming
Commercial gardening and fruit farming in the United States
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milk shed
the circle around a dairy farm in which its products can be sold without spoiling
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winter wheat
Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma, a crop planted in fall and develops strong roots to survive the winter
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spring wheat
a wheat crop that is planted in the spring and harvested in late summer
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Mediterranean Agriculture
Specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails
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dairy
relating to milk or products made using milk
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extensive farming
Where small amounts of capital and labour are used in relation to the amount of land being farmed
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double-cropping
to plant and harvest on the same parcel of land twice per year
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intercropping
also known as multicropping, farmers grow two or more crops simultaneously on the same field
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supply chain
a sequence of activities and organizations involved in producing and delivering a good or service
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commodity chain
the hands an item passes through between producer and consumer
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monoculture
farming strategy of planting a single, highly productive crop year after year
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suitcase farm
when someone owns and operates a farm, but lives somewhere else; usually a crops only farm
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cool chains
the refrigeration and transport technologies that allow for the distribution of perishables
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luxury crops
Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco
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neocolonialism
the continuation, in a former colony, of colonial exploitation without formal political control
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fair trade movement
trade in which fair prices are paid to producers in developing countries
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subsidy
a government payment that supports a business or market
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infrastructure
the basic facilities that are necessary for a society to function and grow - roads, government buildings, electricity lines, railroads
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clustered settlement
houses are grouped together in tiny clusters or hamlets
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dispersed settlements
A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.
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metes and bounds
natural features are used to mark irregular parcels of land
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township
a subdivision of a county that has its own government
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section
a square normally 1 mile on a side
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French long-lot system
Linear settlements stretched out along a road or river.
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von Thunen model
an agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activities in terms of rent
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isotropic
Having the same physical properties in all directions. - usually a flat, featureless plain
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horticulture
Gardening - cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes
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the cultivation of plants for subsistence through non-intensive use of land and labor

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bid rent theory
refers to how the price and demand on land changes as the distance towards the CBD/Market increase
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comparative advantage
the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer
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greenbelt
a belt of parks or rural land surrounding a town or city
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organic food
a type of food that is produced without pesticides, bioengineering, or high-energy radiation
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aquaculture
Raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages
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Blue Revolution
modern aquaculture, producing fish, shellfish, and other products
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biodiversity
the diversity of plant and animal life in a particular habitat (or in the world as a whole)
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overgrazing
the depletion of vegetation due to the continuous feeding of too many animals
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economies of scale
the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases
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Adaptive strategies
the unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life\--- food, clothing, shelter, and defense.
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Agrarian
characteristic of farmers or their way of life
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Agribusiness
highly mechanized, large-scale farming, usually under corporate ownership
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Agricultural industrialization
use of machinery in agriculture, like tractors
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Agricultural landscape
the cultural landscape of agricultural areas
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Agricultural origins
Fertile crescent - originated in the hearths of humanity
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Animal domestication
animals kept for some utilitarian purpose whose breeding is controlled by humans and whose survival is dependent on humans; differ genetically and behaviorally from wild animals
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Aquaculture
the cultivation of aquatic organisms (as fish or shellfish) especially for food
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Bio-revolution
the rapid transformation, or evolution, into post-humanism
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Biotechnology
means any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use
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Collective farm
regards a system of agricultural organization whereas farm laborers are not compensated via wages. Rather, the workers receive a share of the farm's net productivity
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Commercial agriculture
term used to describe large scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology
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Intensive
expenditure of much labor and capital on a piece of land to increase its productivity
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Core/Periphery
As one region or state expands in economic prosperity, it must engulf regions nearby to ensure ongoing economic and political success
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Crop rotation
the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil
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Cultivation regions
the regions in which large amounts of agriculture take place
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Dairying
raising female cattle, goats, or certain other lactating livestock for long-term production of milk
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Debt-for-nature swap
In a debt for nature swap, creditors agree to forgive debts in return for the promise of environmental protection; attempt to solve two problems with one agreement: 1) minimize the negative effect debt has on developing nations 2) minimize the environmental destruction that developing nations frequently cause
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Diffusion
the spread of an idea from one area to another
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Double cropping
a second crop is planted after the first has been harvested
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Primary activity
the extraction of natural resources, such as agriculture, lumbering, and mining
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Secondary activity
the processing of raw materials into finished products; manufacturing
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Tertiary activity
transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs
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Quarternary Activity
collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital
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Quinary Activity
high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill
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Environmental modification
changes made to the environment
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Pesticides
toxic substances released to kill living things
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Soil erosion
the wearing away of a fields topsoil by water or the environment
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Desertification
the process of land becoming similar to that of a desert
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Extensive subsistence agriculture
the use of a lot of labor usually on a small plot of land
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Shifting cultivation
cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning. the clearings are usually abandoned after a few years in favor of newly cleared forest land
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Slash-and-burn
the process of cutting down all vegetation and burning it to grow crops. Usually used in tropical areas in shifting cultivation
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Swidden
patch of land cleared for planting thorough slashing and burning
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Nomadic
continual movement, often rotating livestock
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Herding/pastoralism
continual movement of livestock in search of forage for animals
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Extractive industry
industries involved in the activities of: prospecting and exploring for a nonrenewable resource, getting them, further exploring them, developing them, or extracting them from the earth
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Farm crisis
mass production of farm products that lowers the prices, which lowers the profits for farmers
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Farming
the process of growing crops and raising livestock
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Feedlot
factory like farm devoted to either livestock fattening or dairying; all feed is imported and no crops are grown on the farm
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Food chain
the feeding relationships between species in a biotic community
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Forestry
the art, science, and practice of studying and managing forests and plantations
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Globalized agriculture
consumer driven agriculture integrated on an international scale