BSCI 160 UMD Shofner (compiled exam MC)

Which statement about evolution is false?

Evolution acts at the individual level rather than at the population level.

During meiosis, a woman produces one of her eggs with an extra chromosome. The most probable source of this error would be?

nondisjunction in Meiosis 1

Whose writings influenced Darwin's thinking about evolution to consider that evolution takes place at a very slow and steady pace?

Hutton

Suppose a mutation occurred in the sperm that fertilized an egg to produce you, but that mutation did not happen in the sperm that produced your brother. What will your father's great-great grandchildren show with respect to this mutation?

Your descendants will carry the mutation.

During meiosis, a gamete is produced with one less chromosome. The anueploid condition resulting from this error could resulting from this error could be which of the following?

Turner's syndrome

Bdelloid rotifers develop from eggs. Which of the statements below about these rotifers are false?

There is no variation in the rotifer population through evolution

In what ways are males of some species known to compete for mates during copulation?

sperm competition

You have two populations of flowering plants. In these populations floral color is controlled by one gene. The red gene is dominant to the white gene. In population one, 75% of the flowers are red, in population two 25% of the flowers are white. Assuming H-W, which population has a greater frequency of the R allele?

neither

In Mendel's pea plants, inflated pod is dominant to constricted pod. If a heterozygous inflated plant is crossed with a homozygous inflated plant, what percent of the offspring will be inflated?

all

Sickle cell anemia affects the lungs, the liver, digestive system, and other organs, resulting in symptoms ranging from breathing difficulties to organ failure. Which of the following best describes this?

pleitropy

Cats were introduced to the island of Key West, FL by settlers. A large percentage of these cats have extra toes (polydactyly). The most likely explanation is

founder effect

In evolutionary terms, an organism's fitness is measured by its

contribution of the gene pool of the next generation

Which of the following is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n=16?

Each cell has eight homologous pairs

Huntington's disease has been shown to be more severe with an earlier onset of symptoms in the children when the allele for Huntington's comes from the father instead of the mother. This is an example of?

genomic imprinting

Which of the following statements about mutations is true?

Environmental changes can make a previously neutral mutation advantageous.

Female bowerbirds prefer male bowerbirds that build large bowers. This is an example of _______ selection.

intersexual

A triploid cell contains three sets of chromosomes. If a cell of a usually diploid species with 42 chromosomes per cell is triploid, this cell would be expected to have which of the following?

63 chromosomes in 21 sets of 3

Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of

the random and independent way in which each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I.

A certain female's number 12 chromosomes both have the blue gene and number 19 chromosomes both have the long gene. As cells in her ovaries undergo meiosis, her resulting eggs (ova) may have which of the following?

one chromosome 12 with one blue gene and one chromosome 19 with one long gene

If a female of this species has one chromosome 12 with a blue gene and another chromosome 12 with an orange gene, and has both number 19 chromosomes with short genes, she will produce which of the following egg types?

one-half blue short and one-half orange short gene eggs

A female with a paternal set of one orange and one long gene chromosome and a maternal set comprised of one blue and one short gene chromosome is expected to produce which of the following types of eggs after meiosis?

each egg has a one-fourth chance of having either blue long, blue short, orange long, or orange short combinations

(T/F)One example of polygenic inheritance is a person's height

true

(T/F)A point mutation is a base pair change that can lead to a change in an amino acid

true

(T/F)the change in allele frequency by genetic drift is predictable, while change in allele frequency by natural selection can be random

false

(T/F)dominant alleles are likely to be more common in a population than recessive alleles, even if they have negative effects

false

(T/F)a narrow norm of reaction means that for a given genotype, the environment will have a large effect on the phenotype

false

(T/F)an individual with an MN genotype exhibits both M and N molecules on the hemoglobin proteins and has a separate phenotype. This expression is an example of incomplete dominance

false

(T/F)In intersexual selection, females may show a preference for a trait before the trait has ever evolved.

true

(T/F)Protandrous fish like Caribbean bluehead wrasses begin as females then larger and older fish change to males.

false

(T/F)Pathogens eventually evolve towards a less virulent coexistence with their hosts.

false

(T/F)Female choice exerts powerful control over male reproductive success.

true

(T/F)The Sexy Son hypothesis states that males can produce/maintain elaborate displays must be resistant to parasites

false

(T/F)A 9:3:4 phenotypic ratio indicates a dihybrid cross is under epistatic control

true

(T/F)A child can have type A blood when the mother has type AB blood and the father has type O blood

true

To survive, pathogens must do two things:

reproduce & transmit

Explain why harmful, lethal alleles in humans persist in a population, unable to be eliminated

When someone has a lethal allele, they have a 1 in 2 chance of passing it on to the offspring, if the offspring is heterozygous it may not be affected but the gene is still present.

Describe the difference in investment in sexual selection between makes and females

males have to fight to attract females while females get to choose who to mate with; sperm is cheap energetically while eggs are genetically expensive; quantity is goal so males exert control

Name and describe a tradeoff and include the advantages/disadvantages

heterozygote advantage: one allele is beneficial while other one is harmful

ex: sickle cell

advantage-resistance to malaria

disadvantage-sickle cell, which weakens the immune system

Which sequence represents the most likely chronological order of events in the development of geographic speciation, from earliest to latest?

Formation of a geographic barrier, genetic divergence, development of reproductive isolation

Which circumstance is most likely to lead to speciation in only a couple of generations?

polyploidy

Which mechanism can lead to selection against hybridization?

hybrid sterility

An organism that gets its energy from the sun and its carbon from organic source is called:

photoautotroph

The term "protists" collectively refers to:

All eukaryotes except animals, plants and fungi

What is the most likely order of evolutionary evolution

bilaterians, deuterostomes, vertebrates, tetrapods, amniotes

Populations of a hominid named _______ arose in Africa about 1.6 million years ago and spread to Asia, becoming the first hominid to leave Africa.

Australopithecus Africanus

4 key characteristics of chordates

Notochord

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Pharyngeal gill slits

Muscular, post-anal tail

Which of the following could be considered an ancestral trait in the evolution of humans?

bipedal locomotion

What statement about neanderthals is false?

Their cranium size was larger than our own.

Which of these structures is produced by meiosis in the life cycle of plants?

spores

Snail shells coil either to the right or left. This left or right handedness of a snail shell is referred to as its chirality. Snails of opposite chirality are either unable to mate or they do so with a significant difficulty. What type of reproductive isolation is this?

mechanical

The correct order of evolution for metabolic pathways in early earth is the following:

bacterial glycolysis--> prokaryotic photosynthesis-->aerobic respiration

Why do some scientists believe that RNA, rather than DNA, was the first genetic material?

RNA has both information storage and catalytic properties.

Sea urchins are broadcast spawners: They release their gametes into the water without courtship. Which of these reproductive isolation mechanisms is most likely affecting sea urchins?

gametic isolation

Which of the following is true about the familiar mushroom form of fungi that we see above ground?

the reproductive stage is the mushroom above ground

A heterotrophic prokaryote would

derive carbon from organic compounds

What do all eukaryotic cells have in common?

membrane bound organelles

Match the following animals with their corresponding key characteristics

sponges-no tissues

jellyfish-radial symmetry

starfish-deuterstome

snail-muscular foot

tiger-mammary glands

in which species did bipedalism originate?

ardipithecus ramidus

(T/F) Every single living person can trace between 1-4% of their DNA back to Neanderthals.

false

(T/F)Homologous structures are an example of convergent evolution

false

Which was the first hominid to start utilizing fire as a tool?

homo erectus

What happens to species diversity as latitude decreases?

Species diversity increases.

Which of the following statements regarding altitude and climate is false?

The higher the altitude, the higher the climate.

If a total of 3200 earthworms are counted in a 4km x 4km square patch of land, the density of earthworms is ___________ per square km.

200

Human activity is affecting ecosystems by increasing their____________.

fragmentation

Which of the following examples of an ecological effect leading to an evolutionary effect is the most correct?

A few individuals with denser fur survive the coldest day of an ice age, and the reproducing survivors of the ice age will all have long fur.

Which event is a life-history tradeoff?

Robins that reproduce early with large broods do not live very long.

Suppose the sun began providing somewhat more solar radiation/heat to earth. This would likely cause Hadley cells to be _________ and would cause the great deserts to be located ___________ the equator.

smaller; farther away from

A prediction of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH) would be:

Species diversity is highest in communities that experience intermediate disturbances.

Which of the following choices includes all of the others in creating global terrestrial climates?

differential heating of Earth's surface by the sun

As climate changes causes higher temperatures, species' range in the northern hemisphere may move northward, using effective reproductive adaptations to disperse their seeds. The trees that are most likely to avoid extinction in such an environment are those that?

have seeds that are easily dispersed by wind or animals

Generally speaking, deserts are located in places where air masses are usually

descending

Which of the examples below provides appropriate abiotic and biotic factors that might determine the

distribution of the species in question?

The number of frost-free days and competition between species of introduced grasses and native alpine grasses

Which of the statements correctly indicate how climate and weather are related to each other?

Climate refers to the average long term atmospheric conditions, whereas weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions.

What do researchers typically focus on when they study a particular biogeochemical cycle?

the rate of element movement between reservoirs

Which of the following most often controls the rate of nutrient cycling in ecosystems?

rate of decomposition of detritus

Which biogeochemical cycle is driven by symbiotic interactions (at its origin)?

nitrogen

(T/F) Winter and summer seasons occur because Earth is closer to the sun in summer and farther from the sun in the winter.

false

Although most herbivory involves an antagonistic interaction and would be classified as a type of predation, a few herbivorous interactions do not. Which of these interaction examples does not represent an antagonistic interaction?

Bears eat blueberries; then they defecate the blueberry seeds throughout the forest, and the seeds germinate

Leaf cutter ants that tend fungal gardens protect their crop from mold by means of

mutualistic interactions with a bacterium

Which condition would not lead to density dependent population growth?

An unexpected spring snow storm kills all the sprouting tulip bulbs.

Why do moderate levels of disturbance result in an increase in community diversity?

habitats are opened up for less competitive species

There are _______ species in tropical areas than in areas with higher ________.

more; latitude

Considering the global carbon cycle, which of the following is the largest reservoir of carbon?

oceans

Considering the current scientific literature on global warming, which statement best summarizes the most recent findings?

The Intergovernmental Panel on climate change concluded that the evidence for climate change is unequivocal and due to human-induced changes in greenhouse gases.

A tsunami strikes a large peninsula, destroying the bird populations living there. The tsunami also fragments the peninsular into three islands of similar size but different distances from the mainland. What would the MacArthur-Wilson model predict about bird populations on these islands in the future?

The rates of colonization of bird species will decrease with increasing distance of the island from the mainland, leading to lesser diversity with distance.

What is the most important role of photosynthetic organisms in an ecosystem?

converting inorganic compounds into organic compounds

Unlike energy, matter cycles. This means that

when models are built for ecosystems, all of the materials should be able to be accounted for

gross primary productivity is higher than net primary productivity. The difference between the two is?

the amount of energy producers burn when they metabolize

Why are big, predatory animals rare? Most big, predatory animals are tertiary consumers, which implies that...

its hard for an ecosystem to support many of them because so much energy is lost at each level of energy exchange.

Why does a vegetarian leave a smaller ecological footprint than an omnivore?

Eating meat is an inefficient way of acquiring photosynthetic productivity

In some circumstances, grasses benefit from being grazed by bison. Which of the following terms would best describe such a plant-herbivore interaction?

mutualism

The process in the water cycle that moves the most water during a given time is?

evaporation from oceans

What is the relationship between the processes of photosynthesis and respiration in the global carbon cycle?

Photosynthesis moves carbon from inorganic to organic pools; respiration does the opposite.

Which of the following is an example of Mullerian mimicry?

two species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same color pattern

Which statement about the effects of climate change on community composition is false?

Climate change has caused species to move to lower latitudes.

As a forest becomes fragmented into smaller and smaller patches, the effects of fragmentation on these patches _____________.

increase

Bromeliads (a plant) grow on the branches of trees in tropical rainforests, gaining a place relatively high in the canopy where there is more sunlight. The tree neither benefits or is harmed. This relationship is an example of

commensalism

In the hypothesis that C. stellatus (a species of barnacle) is competitively excluded from the lower intertidal zone by B. balanoides (another species of barnacle), what could be concluded about the two species?

The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides are identical, but the fundamental and realized niches of C. stellatus are different.

As you study two closely related predatory insect species, the two-spot and the three-spot avenger beetles, you notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas without the other species. However, where their ranges overlap, the two-spot avenger beetle hunts at night and the three-spot hunts in the morning. When you bring them into the laboratory and isolate the two different species, you discover that the offspring of both species are found to be nocturnal. You have discovered an example of

resource partitioning