Perception and Cognition

studied byStudied by 0 People
0.0(0)
Get a hint
hint

Cognition

1/271

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.

Studying Progress

New cards
271
Still learning
0
Almost done
0
Mastered
0
271 Terms
New cards

Cognition

Mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and storing information

New cards
New cards

Environmental stimulus

Physical or chemical energy from the external world that is detected by sensory receptors

New cards
New cards

definition of motion

change over space and time

New cards
New cards

stimulation in MT in non primate humans

induce percept of motion

New cards
New cards

prosopagnosia vs object agnosia

prosopagnosia: inability to recognise face (self included). able to recognise objects

object: inability to recognise different types of objects by vision but can via touch but are able to draw from memory. able to recognise face

New cards
New cards

Signal detection theory

Quantifies the ability to discriminate between stimuli and measure the amount of information in a stimulus

New cards
New cards

Retina

Layer at the back of the eye that contains photoreceptors and converts light energy into neural signals

New cards
New cards

Physical energy

Energy in the form of light or sound

New cards
New cards

Chemical energy

Energy in the form of taste or smell

New cards
New cards

Neural signals

Electrical signals generated by sensory receptors and transmitted to the brain

New cards
New cards

Perceptual experience

Subjective interpretation of sensory information, resulting in conscious awareness

New cards
New cards

Criterion

Decision threshold used to determine whether a stimulus is present or absent

New cards
New cards

Sensitivity

Measure of the ability to detect weak stimuli or differences between stimuli

New cards
New cards

Acuity

Measure of the ability to perceive spatial details or fine differences

New cards
New cards

Cones

Photoreceptors in the retina that are responsible for color vision and high acuity

New cards
New cards

Rods

Photoreceptors in the retina that are responsible for low-light vision and peripheral vision

New cards
New cards

Central vision

Visual field focused on the central part of the retina, providing high acuity

New cards
New cards

Peripheral vision

Visual field outside the central part of the retina, providing low acuity

New cards
New cards

Receptive field

Area of the visual field that influences the activity of a neuron

New cards
New cards

New cards
New cards

Off-center receptive field

Receptive field where the center inhibits the neuron and the surround excites the neuron

New cards
New cards

Convergence

Combining inputs from multiple photoreceptors onto a single bipolar cell or ganglion cell

New cards
New cards

Divergence

Spreading of information from a single input to multiple outputs

New cards
New cards

Orientation tuning

Preference of a neuron to respond to stimuli with a specific orientation

New cards
New cards

Motion vision

Ability to perceive and interpret visual motion

New cards
New cards

MT (Middle Temporal) area

Cortical area strongly implicated in motion perception

New cards
New cards

Akinetopsia

Motion blindness caused by damage to the MT area

New cards
New cards

Ventral visual cortex

Cortical area involved in processing visual information related to object recognition and color perception

New cards
New cards

Colour constancy

Ability to perceive the true color of an object despite changes in illumination

New cards
New cards

Metamers

Different stimuli that are perceptually indistinguishable

New cards
New cards

Trichromatic vision

Ability to perceive color using three types of cone photoreceptors

New cards
New cards

Dichromatic vision

Ability to perceive color using only two types of cone photoreceptors

New cards
New cards

Cerebral achromatopsia

Complete or partial loss of colour vision despite intact functioning due to damage in the ventral visual cortex —> damage to V4

New cards
New cards

Surface reflectance

Proportion of each wavelength of light that a surface reflects

New cards
New cards

Illuminants

Power at each wavelength of light illuminating a scene

New cards
New cards

Filter

Translucent material that selectively transmits or absorbs certain wavelengths of light

New cards
New cards

Colour constancy

Ability to perceive the true color of an object despite changes in illumination

New cards
New cards

Colour perception

Subjective interpretation of the wavelengths of light reflected by objects

New cards
New cards

Colour blindness

Inability or reduced ability to perceive certain colors

New cards
New cards

Tetrachromatic vision

Ability to perceive color using four types of cone photoreceptors

New cards
New cards

Cortical areas

Regions of the brain involved in processing specific types of information

New cards
New cards

Memory

Mental process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information

New cards
New cards

Colour perception

Subjective interpretation of the wavelengths of light reflected by objects

New cards
New cards

Colour constancy

Ability to perceive the true color of an object despite changes in illumination

New cards
New cards

Colour discrimination

Ability to distinguish between different colors

New cards
New cards

what are 'hits' in signal detection theory?

correct discrimination of what between stimuli

New cards
New cards

correct rejection (signal detection theory)

correct rejection of noise in the absence of noise

New cards
New cards

false alarms (signal detection theory)

no stimulus, but response

New cards
New cards

miss in signal detection theory?

signal present but subject response is no

New cards
New cards

criterion in middle?

best possible correct percentage

New cards
New cards

criterion on left

more chances to make false alarms to minimise misses

New cards
New cards

criterion on right

more misses. do not want to stop what they are already doing

New cards
New cards

which scenarios will have lower overall accuracy?

1. criterion in middle

2. criterion on left

3. criterion on right

2. criterion on left

3. criterion on right

New cards
New cards

what is sensitivity?

being able to discriminate between noise and stimuli, independent of criterion

New cards
New cards

no sensitivity?

no discrimination, chance

New cards
New cards

high sensitivity in signal detection theory

distribution almost no overlap. almost perfect discrimination

New cards
New cards

moderate sensitivity?

moderate overlap

New cards
New cards

what information do we get if there is response only to the L-cone (long wavelength)?

not much information about intensity but unlikely for the room to be completely dark.

New cards
New cards

what information do we get if there is response only to the L-cone (long wavelength) & M-cones?

more response in L-cones, light more likely to be reddish

M-cone, light likely to be greenish

if same, yellowish or bluish

New cards
New cards

what info can we infer if L-cone is more responsive than the M-cone?

the light may have a higher sensitivity, longer wavelength, or lower intensity light that is close to the peak of L-cone sensitivity

New cards
New cards

cognitive impenetrability give example

even knowing reality you cannot change your perception of a stimuli .

shepherds table illusion: table tops look different proportions if measure, they are same, knowing this you still see disproportion.

New cards
New cards

perceptual competencies

emerge early in development and show bias towards convex stimuli. seen also in adults

New cards
New cards

How can we test hearing in newborn babies?

EEG. newborns given headphones, and given bursts of sound to either ear and check expected response in auditory cortex.

New cards
New cards

emergent properties. give example

where our brain can infer information about stimuli even there is limited sensory information

static point-lighter walker seen as several static dots but once move, they are seem to be human walking

New cards
New cards

central vs peripheral vision

central - sensitive to changes in high and low spatial frequencies

peripheral - sensitive to low spatial info . lower acuity than central

New cards
New cards

ocular dominance columns

striped pattern of ocular parts corresponding to light with dark regions for ipsilateral and contralateral input located in V1

New cards
New cards

how do we lose balance

when visual motion signals are disrupted

New cards
New cards

what information does form give

depth perception

New cards
New cards

dimensions of visible colour

colour vision based on 3 cones; RBG

New cards
New cards

history of trichromatic colour vision

L-cone mutation resulting in M-cone

New cards
New cards

modular organisation

different visual areas that specifically encode information of a visual scene

New cards
New cards

the binding problem

integrated visual experience, we experience a very unified and coherent percept

New cards
New cards

issues with object recognition models

a lot of templates are needed even for simple objects

when there a lot of images together it is hard to process objects

it is hard to recognise unusual positions of a visual scene

we can identify many objects despite having different forms

New cards
New cards

Q: What's in the inferior temporal cortex

A: ventral stream and large receptive fields

New cards
New cards

Perception

Process of interpreting sensory information and making sense of the world

New cards
New cards

Inputs

Sensory information received from the external environment

New cards
New cards

Outputs

Perceptual experiences or mental representations produced by the brain

New cards
New cards

Stages of perceptual processing

Environmental stimulus → Sensory receptors → Transduction → Neural activity → Perceptual experience

New cards
New cards

Transduction

Conversion of physical or chemical energy into neural signals

New cards
New cards

Black box

Metaphor for the brain, representing the unknown processes that occur between sensory input and perceptual output

New cards
New cards

Neuroimaging

Techniques used to visualize and study brain activity

New cards
New cards

what are the main characteristics of perception?

1. emergent properties

2. cognitive impenetrability

3. lack of detail

4. perceptual competencies

New cards
New cards

what does it mean by lack of detail as one of the main components of perception? give example

we think our perception is detailed when in reality it is not

spot the difference and change blindness.

New cards
New cards

what is visual angle

amount of retina the object takes up

New cards