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126 Terms

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Bering Land Bridge
A land bridge that was used to get from Asia to America
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Why was corn (mesa) important to ancient American culture?
It was the first plant developed for human use
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Where did the Hohokam settle?
In the valleys of the Salt and Gila rivers (modern day Arizona)
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Where did the Anasazi settle?
In the mesa tops, cliff sides, and canyon bottoms of the Four Corners Region
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Cahokia
The dominant center of an important Mississippi valley mound-building culture (modern day St. Louis)
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Iroquois Tribe
Eastern woodlands tribe that blended agriculture and hunting living in common villages constructed from the trees and bark of the forests
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Christopher Columbus
Italian navigator who mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India
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Taino Tribe
The people Columbus mistook for Indians; a small fishing community; they were very welcoming to Columbus and company
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What does San Salvador mean?
Holy Savior
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Colonization
The establishment of distant settlements controlled by the parent country
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Treaty of Tordesillas
An agreement between Portugal and Spain that divided the Western Hemisphere between them
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Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world
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Bartolome de Las Casas
Dominican priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans
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Hernan Cortez
A Spanish Conquistador who defeated and conquered the Aztec Empire
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Conquistadors
Spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain
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Montezuma II
The last Aztec emperor who was captured and killed by Cortés in 1520
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Inca (location)
South America
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Aztec (location)
Central Mexico
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Maya (location)
Yucatan Peninsula
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Encomienda system
system that gave settlers the right to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills
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What replaced the Encomienda system?
African slavery
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Juan Ponce de Leon
Spanish Explorer who discovered and named Florida while searching for the "Fountain of Youth"
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Pope's Rebellion
An Indian uprising where pueblo rebels in an attempt to resist Catholicism and Europeans all together destroyed every catholic church in the province and killed scores of priests and hundreds of Spanish settlers
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Jamestown
The first permanent English settlement in America
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Indentured Servitude
A contractual system in which someone sells labor for a specified period of time
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Chattel slavery
Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person
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Mayflower Compact
The first legal document of the Plymouth colony in which they agreed to have fair laws to protect the general good of the people
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Middle Passage
A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies
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Triangular Trade
A three way system of trade; Africa sent slaves to America, America sent raw materials to Europe, and Europe sent manufactured goods to Africa
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Benjamin Franklin
American enlightenment figure who was a scientist, printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and a Founding Father
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Tobacco
A cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown's money crisis
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Bacon's Rebellion
A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon; farmers to attacked Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land
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George Washington (in the French and Indian War)
A militia colonel who led the English expedition to evict the French from the Ohio River Valley
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French and Indian War
War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area; both sides were aided by NA tribes; the English won
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Albany Plan of Union
A plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown
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Treaty of Paris
Treaty that ended the French and Indian War
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Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by selling more goods than they bought
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Favorable balance of trade
an economic situation in which a country sells more goods abroad than it buys from abroad
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Navigational Acts
A series of laws passed by Parliament that restricted colonial trade
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Headright system
Under this system, anyone who paid for their own or another's passage to Virginia received 50 acres of land
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Pontiac
A cheif who led a rebellion in which they opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when the chief was killed
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Proclamation of 1763
A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east
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Sugar Act
law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies
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Roger Williams
He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs
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Anne Hutchinson
A Puritan woman who's actions resulted in her banishment from the colony; she had different religious views and questioned authority
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New ethnic groups in the American Colonies in 1755
Germans, Irish, Scots-Irish
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Boston Massacre
The first bloodshed of the American Revolution; as British guards opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans
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Paul Revere
American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming
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Thomas Paine
Author of Common Sense
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Sons of Liberty
A group of colonists who formed a secret society to oppose British policies
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Hessian Mercenaries
Professional German soldiers hired to fight for Britain in the American Revolution
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Declaration of Independence
A document declaring the US free; drafted at the Second Continental Congress; 1776
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Lexington and Concord
First battles of the Revolutionary War; "The shot heard around the world"
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George Washington (in the Second Continental Congress)
A commanding general who helped draft the declaration of independence
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Patriot Strengths
- Knew the territory
- fought a guerrilla war
- persistent, fierce fighters
- great leadership
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British Strengths
-Lots of troops
-Well trained
-Well supplied

-Help from the Germans
-Good supply of money
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Battle of Yorktown
Last major battle of the Revolution; American victory in Virginia that forced the British to surrender
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John Hancock
President of the Continental Congress; first to sign the Declaration of Independence.
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Intolerable Acts
series of laws passed to punish Boston for the Tea Party
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Valley Forge
Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and the winter weather
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John Locke
Many of the phrases that Jefferson included in the Declaration of Independence came from the works of this British political philosopher
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Revolutionary war
A war between the British and the colonists. The colonists wanted to be free of British rule; lasted 7 years
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Articles of Confederation
A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War; no real power; it failed because people needed something permanent and centralized
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Land Ordinance of 1785
A system for surveying and dividing western lands
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787
a law that established a procedure for the admission of new states to the Union
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Shay's Rebellion
A series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by Daniel Shays to block foreclosure proceedings.
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George Washington (in the Constitutional Convention)
President of the Constitutional Convention
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New Jersey Plan
A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress; proposed by William Paterson
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Virginia Plan
Proposal to create a strong national government; created the 3 branches; proposed by James Madison
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Great Compromise
An agreement made between large and small U.S. states that partly defined the representation each state would have in the legislature under the United States Constitution
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3/5 Compromise
An agreement to count slaves as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of deciding the population and determining how many seats each state would have in Congress
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Ferderalists
Supporters of the Constitution
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Anti-Federalists
People who opposed the Constitution
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James Madison
"Father of the Constitution"; Federalist leader; fourth President of the United States
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Checks and Balances
A system used to distribute power equally across the branches
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Republic
A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting
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Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause)
A clause that grants Congress the power to pass whatever laws are deemed necessary and proper to help Congress to carry out the enumerated powers
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Where was the Constitutional Convention held?
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Electoral college
A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president
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Federalism
A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments
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Judiciary Act of 1789
A law passed by the first Congress to establish the federal court system.
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Cabinet
A group of advisers to the president.
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Whiskey Rebellion
Rebellion in which farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey
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Western Boundary of the US in 1800
Mississippi River
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Capitalism
an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
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Thomas Jefferson
Author of the Declaration of Independence
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Louisiana Purchase
A purchase of the Louisiana territory from France made by Jefferson; this doubled the size of the US
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Lewis and Clark
Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase
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Sacajawea
Native American woman who served as a guide an interpreter for the Lewis and Clark expedition
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John Adams
America's first Vice-President and second President
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Marbury vs. Madison
Case in which the supreme court first asserted the power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional
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Jay's Treaty
Treaty between the U.S. and Britain in which Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the northwest territory
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Pickney's Treaty
Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans
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12th Amendment
States that each elector must pick a president AND a Vice President on his or her ballot; This ensures that the president will be paired with his running mate after the election.
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War of 1812
Aconflict fought over the right of neutral countries to participate in foreign trade without the interference of other nations and the desire of many in the United States to end British occupation of Canada.
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Andrew Jackson
A general in the War of 1812; defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
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Treaty of Ghent
Ended the War of 1812; declared an armistace
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Armistace
Formal ending to fighting
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Francis Scott Key
A Washington lawyer who watched the all-night battle at Fort McHenry and showed his pride by writing what became the National Anthem
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Barbary Wars
Two wars between the United States of America and Barbary States in North Africa in the early 19th century; at issue was the pirates' demand of tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea; American naval power attacked the pirate cities