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Bering Land Bridge

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Bering Land Bridge

A land bridge that was used to get from Asia to America

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Why was corn (mesa) important to ancient American culture?

It was the first plant developed for human use

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Where did the Hohokam settle?

In the valleys of the Salt and Gila rivers (modern day Arizona)

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Where did the Anasazi settle?

In the mesa tops, cliff sides, and canyon bottoms of the Four Corners Region

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Cahokia

The dominant center of an important Mississippi valley mound-building culture (modern day St. Louis)

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Iroquois Tribe

Eastern woodlands tribe that blended agriculture and hunting living in common villages constructed from the trees and bark of the forests

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Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India

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Taino Tribe

The people Columbus mistook for Indians; a small fishing community; they were very welcoming to Columbus and company

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What does San Salvador mean?

Holy Savior

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Colonization

The establishment of distant settlements controlled by the parent country

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Treaty of Tordesillas

An agreement between Portugal and Spain that divided the Western Hemisphere between them

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Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world

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Bartolome de Las Casas

Dominican priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans

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Hernan Cortez

A Spanish Conquistador who defeated and conquered the Aztec Empire

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Conquistadors

Spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain

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Montezuma II

The last Aztec emperor who was captured and killed by Cortés in 1520

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Inca (location)

South America

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Aztec (location)

Central Mexico

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Maya (location)

Yucatan Peninsula

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Encomienda system

system that gave settlers the right to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills

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What replaced the Encomienda system?

African slavery

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Juan Ponce de Leon

Spanish Explorer who discovered and named Florida while searching for the "Fountain of Youth"

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Pope's Rebellion

An Indian uprising where pueblo rebels in an attempt to resist Catholicism and Europeans all together destroyed every catholic church in the province and killed scores of priests and hundreds of Spanish settlers

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Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in America

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Indentured Servitude

A contractual system in which someone sells labor for a specified period of time

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Chattel slavery

Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person

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Mayflower Compact

The first legal document of the Plymouth colony in which they agreed to have fair laws to protect the general good of the people

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Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

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Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade; Africa sent slaves to America, America sent raw materials to Europe, and Europe sent manufactured goods to Africa

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Benjamin Franklin

American enlightenment figure who was a scientist, printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and a Founding Father

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Tobacco

A cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown's money crisis

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Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon; farmers to attacked Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land

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George Washington (in the French and Indian War)

A militia colonel who led the English expedition to evict the French from the Ohio River Valley

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French and Indian War

War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area; both sides were aided by NA tribes; the English won

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Albany Plan of Union

A plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

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Treaty of Paris

Treaty that ended the French and Indian War

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Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by selling more goods than they bought

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Favorable balance of trade

an economic situation in which a country sells more goods abroad than it buys from abroad

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Navigational Acts

A series of laws passed by Parliament that restricted colonial trade

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Headright system

Under this system, anyone who paid for their own or another's passage to Virginia received 50 acres of land

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Pontiac

A cheif who led a rebellion in which they opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when the chief was killed

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Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east

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Sugar Act

law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies

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Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs

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Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who's actions resulted in her banishment from the colony; she had different religious views and questioned authority

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New ethnic groups in the American Colonies in 1755

Germans, Irish, Scots-Irish

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Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution; as British guards opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

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Paul Revere

American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming

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Thomas Paine

Author of Common Sense

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Sons of Liberty

A group of colonists who formed a secret society to oppose British policies

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Hessian Mercenaries

Professional German soldiers hired to fight for Britain in the American Revolution

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Declaration of Independence

A document declaring the US free; drafted at the Second Continental Congress; 1776

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Lexington and Concord

First battles of the Revolutionary War; "The shot heard around the world"

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George Washington (in the Second Continental Congress)

A commanding general who helped draft the declaration of independence

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Patriot Strengths

  • Knew the territory

  • fought a guerrilla war

  • persistent, fierce fighters

  • great leadership

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British Strengths

-Lots of troops -Well trained -Well supplied

-Help from the Germans -Good supply of money

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Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolution; American victory in Virginia that forced the British to surrender

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John Hancock

President of the Continental Congress; first to sign the Declaration of Independence.

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Intolerable Acts

series of laws passed to punish Boston for the Tea Party

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Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and the winter weather

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John Locke

Many of the phrases that Jefferson included in the Declaration of Independence came from the works of this British political philosopher

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Revolutionary war

A war between the British and the colonists. The colonists wanted to be free of British rule; lasted 7 years

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Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War; no real power; it failed because people needed something permanent and centralized

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Land Ordinance of 1785

A system for surveying and dividing western lands

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Northwest Ordinance of 1787

a law that established a procedure for the admission of new states to the Union

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Shay's Rebellion

A series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by Daniel Shays to block foreclosure proceedings.

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George Washington (in the Constitutional Convention)

President of the Constitutional Convention

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New Jersey Plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress; proposed by William Paterson

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Virginia Plan

Proposal to create a strong national government; created the 3 branches; proposed by James Madison

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Great Compromise

An agreement made between large and small U.S. states that partly defined the representation each state would have in the legislature under the United States Constitution

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3/5 Compromise

An agreement to count slaves as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of deciding the population and determining how many seats each state would have in Congress

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Ferderalists

Supporters of the Constitution

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Anti-Federalists

People who opposed the Constitution

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James Madison

"Father of the Constitution"; Federalist leader; fourth President of the United States

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Checks and Balances

A system used to distribute power equally across the branches

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Republic

A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting

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Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause)

A clause that grants Congress the power to pass whatever laws are deemed necessary and proper to help Congress to carry out the enumerated powers

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Where was the Constitutional Convention held?

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

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Electoral college

A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president

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Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

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Judiciary Act of 1789

A law passed by the first Congress to establish the federal court system.

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Cabinet

A group of advisers to the president.

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Whiskey Rebellion

Rebellion in which farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey

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Western Boundary of the US in 1800

Mississippi River

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