Unit 7: Period 7: 1890–1945 Flashcards

Flashcards of key vocabulary and terms from Unit 7: Period 7: 1890–1945

Populists

Aggrieved farmers advocating radical reforms, raised possibility of reform through government.

Progressives

Urban, middle-class reformers seeking government's role in reform, built on Populism's achievements.

Muckrakers

Exposés of corporate greed and misconduct that boosted Progressivism.

Robert La Follette

Progressive leader and Wisconsin governor who led the way for Progressive state leaders.

Theodore Roosevelt

Progressive leader and President who advocated for progressive income taxes.

Work-class Progressives' victories

Laws including work day limitations, minimum wage, child labor laws, and housing codes that were Progressive era victories.

Progressive Era

Increasing involvement of federal government in daily life, conservation, regulation of monopolies and trusts, and the establishment of federal standards in food and drug industries.

Sherman Antitrust Act

Act used by Teddy Roosevelt to break up monopolies.

Meat Inspection Act & Pure Food and Drug Act

Acts passed by Congress under Roosevelt to protect workers and consumers.

"Dollar diplomacy"

Roosevelt's foreign policy to secure favorable relationships with Latin American and East Asian countries by providing monetary loans.

New Freedom

Wilson's policies arguing for greater federal government control over business to protect man's freedom.

Federal Trade Commission

Commission created by Wilson to enforce the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 and help create Federal Reserve System.

Platt Amendment

Amendment which committed Cuba to American control.

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine aka Big Stick Policy

Policy used by Roosevelt to justify repeated military intervention in Latin America due to assertion of a threat to American security.

Espionage Act of 1917

Act that prohibited interference with the war effort or draft through the U.S. mail system.

Sedition Act of 1918

Act that made it illegal to try to prevent the sale of war bonds or speak disparagingly of the government, military, or Constitution.

Schenck v. United States

Supreme Court case that upheld the Espionage Act - freedom of speech and civil liberties could be curtailed if actions posed a “clear and present danger”.

The Palmer Raids

Raids in early 1920 where the government raided suspected radical groups around the country.

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

Government's wartime propaganda arm that created frenzied atmosphere through lectures, movie theaters, newspapers, and magazines.

The Great Migration

Massive wave of migration of Black Southerners to the North for jobs in wartime manufacturing.

Wilson's Fourteen Points

Wilson's plan that served as basis for initial negotiations after WWI, calling for free trade, reduction of arms, self-determination, end of colonialism, League of Nations.

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that punished Germany, left it humiliated and in economic ruin; created League of Nations

Pro-Business Republican Administrations

Republican administration era that saw increased comfort with large successful businesses.

Teapot Dome Scandal

Scandal involving corrupt cabinet members under Harding.

Welfare capitalism

Efforts by businesses to woo workers with pension plans, profit sharing, and company events.

The Harlem Renaissance

Major cultural development in the largest Black neighborhood in New York City, marked by the growth of theaters, cultural clubs, and newspapers.

Emergency Quota Act of 1924

Act that set immigration quotas based on national origins and discriminated against southern and Eastern European 'new immigrants'.

Scopes Monkey Trial

Trial over Tennessee law forbidding teaching evolution, with attorneys Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan.

Prohibition

Constitutional ban on manufacture, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverages.

October 1929 stock market crash

Event that triggered the Great Depression.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Tariff that worsened the economy.

Hoover's Bonus Army Incident

Army attack on Bonus Expeditionary Force in 1932 that was Hoover's most embarrassing moment.

The New Deal

Roosevelt's program that resulted from a powerful presidency and public confidence in Roosevelt.

The Emergency Banking Relief Bill

Bill that put poorly managed banks under control of Treasury Department and granted government licenses to solvent banks.

The Banking Act of 1933

Act that created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to guarantee bank deposits.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Act provided payments to farmers in return for cutting production, funded by increased taxes on food processors

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Administration that set aside $3 billion to create jobs building roads, sewers, public housing units, etc.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Corps that provided grants to states for their own PWA-like projects.

Keynesian economics

Economic theory arguing that government should embark on a program of deliberate deficit spending to revive the economy.

Huey Long

Louisiana Senator who was a threat to FDR, promoted a plan similar to Social Security, and was later assassinated.

Roosevelt's Court-Packing Scheme

FDR's plan to increase Supreme Court size from 9 justices to 15 to pick justices who supported his policies.

Emergency Relief Appropriation Act/Works Project Administration (WPA)

Act that generated over 8 million jobs, funded by government, employed writers, photographers, and artists for public works and local/personal history projects.

Social Security Administration

Administration created for retirement benefits for workers, disabled, and families and increased taxes on wealthy individuals and business profits.

New Deal Coalition

Political alignment made up of union members, urbanites, underclass, and Black people that swept FDR back into office in 1936.

The Washington Conference

Conference held in 1921-1922 that resulted in a treaty that limited armaments and reaffirmed the Open Door Policy toward China.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Pact signed by 62 nations in 1928 which condemned war as a means of foreign policy.

The Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

Act that allowed the president to reduce tariffs for foreign policy goals.

The Nye Commission

Commission that revealed unethical activities by American arms manufacturers, leading to the passage neutrality acts.

Lend-Lease Act

Act that allowed the US to assist the Allies.

Manhattan Project of 1942

Secret US research and development effort for atomic bombs

Tehran Conference in 1943

The Big Three conference where the Normandy invasion (D-Day) was planned and the division of defeated Germany into occupation zones was discussed

D-Day

Largest amphibious landing in history that took place in France on June 6, 1944

Labor Disputes Act of 1943

Act that allowed government takeover of businesses deemed necessary to national security.

Selective Training and Service Act of 1940

Act signed by FDR in 1940 that creating first peacetime draft in US history.

Rosie the Riveter

Symbolized the millions of women who worked in war-related industrial jobs.

Internment of Japanese Americans

Event in which over 110,000 Asian Americans were imprisoned without charge based solely on ethnic background.

Yalta conference

Conference held in February 1945 between Allies (US, UK, USSR) to discuss the fate of postwar Europe.

Potsdam Conference

Conference held after the end of the war in Europe to decide on implementing the agreements of Yalta.

Potsdam Declaration

Declaration created to establish terms for Japan's surrender (removal of emperor from power).