Particle physics

Charge and mass of a proton

1.6×10-19 C and 1.67×10-27

Charge and mass of a neutron

0 C and 1.67×10-27

Charge and mass of an electron

1.6x10-19C and 9.11x10-31 kg

Isotope

Atom with the same proton number but different mass number

Specific charge

Charge C / mass kg

What are the four fundamental forces

Strong nuclear

Gravity

Weak nuclear

Properties of the strong nuclear force

affects hadron

Exchange particle is pions

Hold protest and neutrons together

Repulsive at less than 0.5 fm

Attractive up to about 3-4fm

Properties of the electromagnetic force

Affects charge particles

Exchanged by the virtual photon

Causes protons to repel each other

Properties of the weak nuclear force

Affects all types of particles

Exchange particles are the w+ and w- bosons

Properties of gravity

Affects particles with mass

Graviton exchange particle

Attracts nucleons together due to mass

Main types of nuclear decay

Alpha beta minus and beta plus

Features of an alpha decay

Alpha particles are helium nuclei usually emitted from very large particles

Proton number decreases by 2

Nucleon number decreases by 4

An alpha particle is emitted

Features of a beta minus decay

Neutron decays into a proton

Emits an electron and an electorn neutrino

The elcetrin is the beta minus particle

The proton number increases by one

Features of beta plus decay

Beta plus particle is a positron

Proton decays into a beta plus particle and an electron neutrino

Proton number decreases by 1

What speed does electromagnetic radiation travel at

3×10⁸ ms-¹

What are photons

Discrete bundles of electromagnetic radiation

Planks constant equation for energy

E=hf

Where e is energy

H is planks constant 6.63×10-³⁴

F is frequency

Equation for photo energy in terms of wavelength

E=hc/ƴ

Where

E is energy

H is planks cosntant

Cisco speed of light

ƴ is wavelength

What is antimatter made up of

Antparticles

What is pair production

When a photon has sufficient energy it can be converted into a particle and corresponding antiparticle

It must make these ti cinserve charge and mass energy

What is annihilation

When a particle meets its antiparticle, converting into equal energy photons

What is a hadron

Non fundamental particles that feel the strong nuclear force

Baryiins and mesons are hadron

Protons are the only stable baryon

Baryon number must be conserved in interactions

What are leptons

Fundamental particles such as electrons muons and neutrinos

All have a baryon number of 0

Neutron decay

Neutron decays into a proton electorn and electron antineutrino

Quarks

Fundamental subatomic quarks making up hadrons

Up down and strange

What is a baryon

A combination of 3 quarks or antiquarks

Proton uud

Neutron udd

Mesons

quark and an antiquark

Conservation laws

Energy

Momentum

Charge

Baron number

Lepton number

Strangeness is conserved in strong interactions

Kaon composition

K+ uš

K⁰ dš

K- sū

Pion composition

n+ uđ

n- dū

n⁰ uū dđ