PLTW Human Body Systems EOC Review

Fibrous Joints

Immoveable joints that are held together by fibers.

Cartilaginous Joints

Partially moveable joints held together by cartilage.

Synovial Joints

Freely moveable joints that have a cavity where the bones meet that allow movement.

Flexion

A type of movement that decreases the angle of a joint.

Extension

A type of movement that increases the angle of a joint.

Abduction

A type of movement that moves a limb away from the body (midline).

Adduction

A type of movement that moves a limb closer to the body (midline).

Plantar Flexion

A movement that bends at the ankle, pointing toes down and taking the heal off the floor.

Dorsiflexion

A type of ankle movement that points the toes up and puts the heel on the floor.

Comminuted

What type of fracture is this?

Spiral

What type of fracture is this?

Oblique

What type of fracture is this?

Transverse

What type of fracture is this? (there are closed and complex varients [if they’re inside the body still])

Hematoma

The first step in bone remodeling, where inflammation occurs and a blood clot forms?

Fibrocartilaginous Callus

The second step in bone remodeling where fibrous tissue forms and a layer of collagen forms where the bone will later remodel onto?

Bony Callus

The third step in bone remodeling, cartilage converts to bone as it’s calcified

Bone Remodeling

The last step in bone remodeling, clasts keep breaking down bone so blasts can build new bone.

Cervical, Coccyx, Lumbar, Sacral, Thoracic

The order of the vertebra

Left Atrium/Ventricle

Where deoxygenated blood passes through the heart to the lungs

Right Atrium/Ventricle

Where oxygenated blood passes through the heart from the lungs to the rest of the body

Tidal Volume

The volume (L) of air one is intaking subconsciously

Residual Volume

The volume of air in one’s lungs that cannot be exhaled

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

The maximum amount of air one can breath in (beyond normal breathing)

Expiratory Reserve Volume

The minimum amount of air one can breath out (beyond normal breathing)

Vital Capacity

The total lung capacity excluding residual volume

Total Lung Capacity

The total lung capacity including residual volume

Epidermis

The top layer of skin

Dermis

The larger, middle layer of skin. Include pores and hair follicles.

Subcutaneous Tissue

The last layer of skin, composed of fat/adipose

Cornea

Transparent tissue at the front of the eye, refracts light, protects the eye, and helps the eye focus

Iris

The circular, pigmented layer of the eye anterior to the cornea, controls the amount of light entering through the pupil.

Lens

Focuses light onto the retina, and allows clear vision.

Pupil

Dark, circular opening in the center of the iris, regulates the amount of light entering the eye.

Retina

Tissue layer in the back of the eye, receives light and converts it into electrical signals. (____→optic nerve→brain)

Optician

Fits and dispenses glasses, contacts, and other visionary aids

Optometrist

Diagnoses and treats vision problems and eye diseases

Ophthalmologist

Performs medical and surgical treats of vision and eye issues

Dendrite

Receives a nerve signal and sends it to the soma

Axon

The “tail” end of a nerve

Nodes of Ranvier

Areas on the axon not covered by the myelin sheath; where ions move in and out.

Axon Terminal

Branching end of an axon; faces next cell/synapse

Soma

The cell body of a neuron; has the nucleus and makes proteins

Schwann Cells

Cells imbedded in the myelin sheath which make it.

Myelin Sheath

Coated on an axon

Terminal Button/Bud

“Buds” at the end of the axon terminal

Central Nervous System

The brain and spinal chord are a part of the ____________

Peripheral Nervous System

All nerves except for the brain and spinal chord are a part of the ______________

Cerebrum

Conducts higher order thinking /conscious thought and action. Obtains information from surroundings. (Lobe of brain, encapsulates other sub-lobes)

Frontal Lobe

Lobe of the brain that allows for critical thinking and problem solving, personality, motor, speech, and emotion (cerebrum)

Parietal Lobe

Lobe of the brain that receives sensory information from the body

Occipital Lobe

Lobe of the brain that allows for vision

Temporal Lobe

Lobe of the brain that allows for memory, speech, and emotion.

Cerebellum

Part of the brain that allows for balance and motor coordination, muscle memory, and gait

Brain Stem

Part of the brain that allows for basic life functions (homeostasis, heart rate, etc.)

Depolarization

The point in nerve activity when the threshold is reached and sodium channels open, allowing sodium into the cell.

Repolarization

The point in nerve activity when potassium channels open (after the closing of sodium channels) and allow for potassium to leave the nerve cell.

Hormones

Chemical messengers in blood that are released by the endocrine system.

Nervous System, Endocrine System

The ________ allows for quick, short-term responses, while the ________ allows for long-term responses.

Kidneys

Filter blood and remove waste from the body (organ)

Ureters

Carry urine to bladder from the kidneys

Bladder

Holds urine, expands and contracts easily with its type of cells.

Urethra

Tube for urine to exit the body

P-Wave

First “bump” of EKG, tracks the electrical signal that allows for contraction of the heart .

QRS Complex

The spike of an EKG graph, represents the contraction of the ventricles.

Rods

Cells in eyes, responsible for night vision (no color) and peripheral vision.

Cones

Cells in eyes, responsible for daytime vision (color) and front vision.

Anterior

Towards the front of the body

Posterior

Towards the back of the body

Superior

Towards the top of the body

Inferior

Towards the bottom of the body

Medial

Towards the middle of the body

Lateral

Away from the middle of the body

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Distal

Away from the point of attachment

Superficial

Closer to the surface of the body

Deep

Away from the surface of the body

Ventral

Towards the front of the body (stomach)

Dorsal

Towards the back of the body (back)

Transverse Plane

Plane that cuts the body in half, superior and inferior

Coronal Plane

Plane that cuts the body in half, dorsal and ventral

Sagittal Plane

Plane that cuts the body in half, medial and lateral

Tarsal

Relating to the ankle

Femoral

Relating to the thigh

Popliteal

Relating to the back of the knee

Axillary

Relating to the armpit area

Under 20

When to start dialysis?

Under 15

When to be eligible for a kidney transplant?

Inguinal

Groin area

Lumbar

Relating to the lower back

Antecubital

Relating to the front of the elbow

Coxal

Relating to the hip

Cervical

Relating to the neck

Sternal

Relating to the chest (sternum)

Gluteal

Relating to the buttocks

Thoracic

Relating to the chest

Patellar

Relating to the kneecaps

Buccal

Relating to the cheek

Olecranal

Relating to the (back of the) elbow

Calcaneal

Relating to the heel

Orbital

Relating to the eyes