community corrections 1

5.54 million

5.54 million

how many people are in prisons, parole, etc.

down

is the amount of people in corrections going up or down

636,000

how many people are in jail

1.2 million

how many people are in prison

3 million

how many people are on probation

800,000

how many people are on parole

community corrections

sentence served in the community

indeterminate sentencing 1930-1970

sentencing that is now only used for juveniles, not a set amount of time given for release - had parole

determinate sentencing

sentencing used today that has a set amount of time to be released - has MSR

1. allows probation to know the person’s whereabouts

2. allows defendant to better prepare for upcoming court appearances

3. allows defendant to work if necessary

4. cheaper

four functions of pre-trial supervision

specific deterrence

the punishment is to prevent that specific offender from wanting to commit again

rehabilitation

#1 goal of community corrections

prisoner reentry

any activity or program to help prisoners prepare to return to the community and be productive members of society

Risk-Needs-Responsivity

what does rnr stand for

criminal peers, antisocial personality, criminal thoughts attitudes and beliefs

top 3 criminogenic needs

restorative justice

offender taking the responsibility for their actions in order to try and repair the harm done to the victim and make the offender and victim whole again

staying the same

Is # of males on probation going up or down

staying the same

Is # of females on probation going up or down

it is staying the same

How is % of race changing on probation

felony crimes

Which crime had a huge increase for % on probation

slightly down

Are the successful completion rates for probation going up or down

no its staying the same

Is the gender % on parole changing

White (hispanic went down as well)

Which race had an increase in % on parole in 2021

Violent

Which crime had a large increase in % on parole in 2021

Increasing

Is the successful completion rate for parole going up or down

John Augustus

Father of US probation

Zebulon Brockway

Father of US parole

Illinois

Which was the first state to have a juvenile court

state as the parent

what does parens patriae mean

Diversion

Also known as deferred adjudication, programs to help stop/slow the incarceration process. If completed, possibly no conviction on record

first-time offenders, juveniles, nonviolent crimes

Who gets diversion the most?

casework, brokerage of services, justice, neighborhood-based, criminogenic needs-based

What are the 5 supervision models

casework model

supervision model that is therapeutic, rehabilitative, less supervision and accountability

brokerage of services mode

supervision model where officers did not provide parole/probation like services anymore, counselors and such did instead

justice model

supervision model that switched to determinate sentencing; deterrence, incapacitation, accountability

neighborhood-based

supervision model where probation spends less time in office and more time in community

criminogenic needs based model

supervision model that follows rnr; rehabilitation but holding offenders accountable

mandatory, discretionary, sentence expiration

what are the 3 types of release

mandatory release

type of release where 1 day of good behavior counts as 2 days toward your sentence (so you can cut your time in half)

discretionary release

type of release where choice to be released by parole board, not based on time

sentence expiration

type of release where you finish out 100% of sentence behind bars

compassionate release/medical parole

releasing an offender from prison to live out their last days at home or because their medical bills are too high

pretrial release

decision on whether you should be released from jail while court case is pending

release on recognizance

released with promise to return

federal bail reform act of 1966

guidelines for appropriate bail amounts and alternatives to jail for those who couldn’t afford it

favors release

Bail reform act of 1984

in addition to flight, consider risk of the community with putting people out on bail

Defendants who are low and medium risk who were detained were 2x more likely to be arrested following a prison term than defendants of the same risk who were released into the community for pretrial

There is no difference for high risk

studies of high medium and low risk offender outcomes

failure to appear

fail to appear at scheduled court hearing

presumption of innocence, flight/court dates, threat to community

3 things a judge thinks about when deciding to pretrial release

delegated release authority

Allow the officer to make the decision on whether someone should be released rather than a judge

Unsecured bonds

Release on Recognizance (Illinois uses this one!!)

Secured bonds (Cash/property collateral) (commonly 10%)studies

Surety

Four types of bonds

low risk - diversion is too much

med risk - best results with supervision

high risk - diversion is not always appropriate

studies of diversion for low med high risk youth

sentencing

After finding of guilt, what punishment will they get 

reflective justice

case being affected by Media attention, public opinion, did they take accountability, PSI, victim wishes

presumptive sentencing grid

the chart that we looked at in class about sentencing guidelines based on 1. TYPE OF OFFENSE and 2. AMOUNT OF PRIOR OFFENSES

standard conditions

Rules that apply to every single offender regardless of offense 

special conditions

conditions tailored to each offender

scarlet letter conditions

conditions that invoke public shame onto the offender

People vs Meyer (IL)

court case after judge made defendant put a sign in his yard stating “warning violent felon lives here”

was decided that scarlet letter conditions have to serve a purpose

immigration

Is failure to appear higher with immigration cases or violent cases

right before sentencing

right before trial

right before they turn themselves in

when is someone most likely to fail to appear

substance abuse problem, usually younger, dropped out of high school

people that are most likely to fail to appear at a state level

outcome of pretrial detention

Consistent findings of those that are kept in jail more likely to be sentenced to prison, more likely to have a longer sentence, even when you account for offense and criminal history