CH. 9 | Chemical Bonds + An Introduction to Chemistry

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21 Terms

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Chemistry

The study of matter and the changes it undergoes

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Matter

Anything that takes up space

→ Pure substance

  1. Elements
    - Starting material of all matter
    i.e., Na , O , C , N , H

  1. Compounds
    - Two or more elements chemically bonded together
    i.e., H2O

→ Mixtures

Two or more pure substances in the same container

  1. Homogenous mixture
    - CANNOT BE SEEN BY THE NAKED EYE
    - No boundaries observed
    i.e., air

  2. Heterogenous Mixture
    - CAN BE SEEN
    - Boundaries allowed
    i.e., smog

<p>Anything that takes up space</p><p></p><p>→ Pure substance</p><ol><li><p>Elements<br>- Starting material of all matter<br>i.e., Na , O , C , N , H</p></li></ol><p></p><ol start="2"><li><p>Compounds<br>- Two or more elements chemically bonded together<br>i.e., H<sub>2</sub>O</p></li></ol><p></p><p>→ Mixtures</p><p>Two or more pure substances in the same container</p><ol><li><p><span style="color: yellow;"><span>Homogenous mixture</span></span><br>- <strong>CANNOT BE SEEN BY THE NAKED EYE</strong><br>- No boundaries observed<br>i.e., air<br></p></li><li><p><span style="color: yellow;"><span>Heterogenous Mixture</span></span><br>-<strong>&nbsp;CAN BE SEEN</strong><br>- Boundaries allowed<br>i.e., smog</p></li></ol><p></p>
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States of Matter

  • Solid (s) , Na

  • Liquid (l) , Hg

  • Gas (g) , He

  • Aqueous (aq) , NaCl
    - Dissolved in water

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Atom

Smallest building block of matter

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Molecule

Larger unit in which 2 or more atoms are joined together

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Monatomic, Diatomic, Triatomic

mon/mono → one

di → two

tri → three

<p>mon/mono → one</p><p>di → two</p><p>tri → three</p>
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Diatomic molecules

Element composed of 2 atoms

i.e.,
H2 , O2 N2 F2 Cl2 Br2 I2

ALWAYS COVALENT

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Chemical Reactions

Formation and/or breaking of chemical bonds to form new molecules (products) from old ones (reactants)

<p>Formation and/or breaking of chemical bonds to form new molecules (products) from old ones (reactants)</p>
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Chemical energy

Internal bonding potential energy

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Chemical equation

Symbolic summar

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Valence electrons

Outer electrons determining the chemical properties of an atom

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Octet rule

  • Atoms attempt to acquire an outer shell of 8 electrons

  • Electrons can be gained / lost / shared in the process

  • BASICALLY, ELEMENTS IN THE P.T WANT TO BE LIKE NOBLE GASES (They already fulfill the octet rule)

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Chemical Bonds

Attractive forces holding atoms together in compounds

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3 types of Chemical Bonds

  • Covalent bond

  • Ionic Bond

  • Metallic Bond

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Energy and Electrons in Ionic Bonding

Reaction energy released = heat of formation

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Electron transfer rules

  • Electrons lost/gained to form closed octets

  • # gained = # lost

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Multiple Bonds

Sharing of more than one electron pair

i.e., 
Ethylene = double bond

Acetylene ≡ triple bond

<p>Sharing of more than one electron pair<br><br>i.e.,&nbsp;<br>Ethylene = double bond</p><p>Acetylene&nbsp;<span>≡ triple bond</span></p>
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Bond Polarity

Result of unequal sharing of electrons

  • Polar covalent bonds

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Electronegativity

Measure of an atom’s ability to attract electrons

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Ionic & Covalent Compound Names + Formulas

…

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6 Polyatomic Ions

OH-1 Hydroxide

NO2-1 Nitrite

NO3-1 Nitrate

CO3-2 Carbonate

SO4-2 Sulfate

PO4-3 Phosphate