Cell Biology

the late 1500’s

Light Microscope was invented in

1665

Robert Hooke identified cells

1839

Cell Theory - Cells are theorized as the building blocks of all life

Who invented cell theory?

Botanist Matthias Schleiden and Zoologist Theodore Schwann

in a polar covalent bond, what happens to the partial positive charge?

oxidized

in a polar covalent bond, what happens to the partial negative charge?

reduced

96% of living matter

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

Ionic

oppositely charged ions - metal to non metal - atoms transfer electrons

Covalent

oppositely charged atoms - nonmetal to nonmetal - atoms share electrons

Electronegativity

attraction of an atom for electrons

Nonpolar

Similar - Equal electronegativity

Polar

Electronegativity difference

Hydrogen

Hydrogen connected to an electronegative atom that’s connected to another electronegative atom

van der wals interactions

attractions of positive/negative regions of molecules
temporary, very weak

How much of a cell is made of water

70-95%

Sugars →

Polysaccharides and Oligosaccharides

Fatty Acids

Fats and Lipids

Amino Acids

Proteins

Nucleotides

Nucleic Acids

aldose

ketose

glucose

fructose

Galactose

deoxyribose

Ribose

Sucrose

lactose

condensation

water expelled - energetically unfavorable

hydrolysis

water consumed - energetically favorable

lipid head

hydrophilic, carboxylic acid

lipid body

hydrophobic, carbon tail

saturated fat

unsaturated fat

how do saturated fats act at room temperature?

solid

how do unsaturated fats act at room temperature

cannot solidify

Alpha-linolenic acid

18 carbons, 3 double bonds

Eicosapentanoeic acid

20 carbons, 5 double bonds

Docasahexonic acid

22 carbons, 6 double carbons

Steroids are

lipids

Pyramidine

Purine

pentose

a five carbon sugar

Functions of nucleotides

• carry chemical energy

• combine w other groups to form coenzymes

• small intracellular signaling

enzymatic proteins

act as enzymes

Structural Protiens

Support

Transport Protiens

transport other substances

hormonal protiens

coordination of an organisms activities

receptor protiens

respond to cell to chemical stimuli

motor proteins

movement

defensive proteins

protection against disease

protein make up

amino group, carboxyl group, r group

polymers of amino acids

polypeptides