PE AOS 2

Carbohydrate Loading

A nutritional strategy in which muscle glycogen stores are maximised prior to endurance events

Carbohydration

Combining hydration and refuelling at the same time

Dehydration

The loss of too much fluid from the body

Fatigue

An exercise-induced reduction in the ability of muscles to produce force or power

Gastrointestinal Tolerance

The ability to digest or fully metabolise a food/drink

Hitting The Wall

A term used in endurance sports to describe the sudden feeling of extreme fatigue associated with the depletion of glycogen stores in the muscle and liver

Homeostasis

The ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment

Hyperthermia

High body temperature caused by a failure of the heat-regulating mechanisms of the body

Hypoglycaemia

When blood sugar levels have dropped too low due to prolonged strenuous activity and depleted glycogen stores

Intermittent

Short periods of work followed by a period of rest

Lactate Inflection Point

The last point where lactate entry into and removal from the blood are balanced

Metabolic By-Product

A substance produced because of chemical reactions within the body associated with the production of energy for ATP resynthesis

Multifactorial

Involves or is dependent on several factors or causes

Muscle Protein Synthesis

The process of producing new muscle protein to maintain and build muscle

Ph

A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance

Thermoregulation

The processes the body uses to maintain its core internal temperature

Type 1

Slow-twitch oxidative fibres contain large and numerous mitochondria, high levels of myoglobin and a high capillary density. They are very resistant to fatigue and have a high capacity to generate ATP by oxidative metabolism

Vasoconstriction

The process whereby blood vessels narrow their internal diameter to reduce blood flow

Vasodilation

The process whereby blood vessels increase their internal diameter to increase blood flow

Vo2 Max

The maximum amount of oxygen per minute that can be taken in, transported and used by the body for energy production. Max Oxygen Uptake

Anaerobic Glycolysis

Energy system provides energy for the resynthesis of ATP through the breakdown of glycogen through a series of chemical steps that do not require oxygen

Active Recovery

Low-intensity (50–60 per cent of MHR) activity completed at the end of an exercise bout that allows the body to recover by maintaining an elevated blood flow to the muscles and preventing venous pooling

Adenosine Diphosphate (Adp)

A by-product that results when ATP breaks down and loses one of its phosphate groups, which are located at the end of the molecule

Adenosine Triphosphate (Atp)

A high-energy molecule stored in muscle cells and other parts of the body. It is the energy currency for biological work.

Aerobic Energy System

Provides energy from the breakdown of carbohydrates and/or fats in the presence of oxygen

Aerobic Metabolism

When ATP resynthesis occurs via energy pathways that require the presence of oxygen

Aerobic System

Provides energy for the resynthesis of ATP through the breakdown of various energy fuels (mainly glycogen and triglycerides) through a series of chemical steps that require oxygen

Amino Acids

The building blocks of protein. Protein is broken down through the process of digestion into amino acids.

Anaerobic Metabolism

When ATP resynthesis occurs via energy pathways that do not require the presence of oxygen

ATP Demand

Refers to how much ATP is required during an activity and the rate at which it is expended and, therefore, needs to be resynthesised

ATP-PC Energy System

Provides energy for the resynthesis of ATP through the breakdown of Phosphocreatine (PC) without oxygen being involved

Carbohydrates

Naturally occurring compounds that consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Creatine

An organic substance that occurs naturally in humans and helps to supply energy to muscle

Phosphocreatine (PC)

A chemical compound found in muscle cells that is capable of storing and releasing energy that can be used to resynthesise ATP from ADP and Pi

Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

The amount of oxygen consumed during the recovery period after the cessation of an exercise bout that is over and above the amount usually required during rest

Fats (Lipids)

An essential component of a balanced diet; should comprise about 20–25 per cent of daily food intake

Free Fatty Acids

A broken-down, transportable form of fats

Glucose

The simplest form of carbohydrate and the basic ingredient for anaerobic and aerobic glycolysis

Glycogen

The storage form of glucose; a chemical fuel found in the muscles and in larger quantities in the liver

Interplay Of Energy Systems

The energy systems simultaneously working together, but at different rates, to supply the ATP required for an activity

Lactate Inflection Point (Lip)

The highest intensity point at which there is a balance between lactate production and removal from the blood. It represents a person’s highest steady state intensity.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the Cell

Oxygen Deficit

The state in which there is a discrepancy (shortfall) between oxygen supply and the oxygen needed to meet the energy requirements of the activity. The anaerobic pathways must supplement the energy demands of the activity.

Passive Recovery

Complete rest by standing, sitting or lying down to replenish CP at a faster rate

Protein

An essential component of a balanced diet. It allows for muscle growth and repair, fights disease, assists in chemical reactions and transports materials.

Pyruvic Acid (Pyruvate)

An intermediate product in the metabolism of carbohydrates, formed by the anaerobic metabolism of glucose

Rate

Refers to how quickly ATP is resynthesised

Recovery

The overcoming or reversal of the fatigue experienced as the result of participation in a training session or exercise bout, where body systems repair damaged tissue and replenish energy stores

Triglycerides

The stored form of fats found in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle

Venous Pooling

An accumulation of blood in the veins in inactive muscles following activity

Yield

The total amount of ATP that is resynthesised during an exercise bout or from a specific fuel within the bout

Acute Responses

The body’s immediate, short-term responses that last only for the duration of the training or exercise session and for a short time afterwards (recovery)

Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference (A-Vo2 Diff)

A measure of the difference in the concentration of oxygen in the arterial blood and the concentration of oxygen in the venous blood. It is measured in millilitres per 100 millilitres of blood.

Blood Pressure

The pressure exerted by the blood against the arterial walls as it is forced through the circulatory system by the action of the heart. It has two components: systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure.

Cardiac Output

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle of the heart per minute; Q̇ = heart rate (HR) × stroke volume (SV)

Diastolic Blood Pressure

The blood pressure recorded during the relaxation phase of the heart cycle. It is the lower of the two blood-pressure values.

Heart Rate

The number of times the heart contracts or beats per minute

Max Heart Rate

The highest heart rate value achieved in an all-out effort to the point of exhaustion

Oxygen Uptake (Vo2)

The amount of oxygen transported to, taken up by and used by the body for energy production

Pulmonary Diffusion

The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration between the alveoli and the surrounding capillaries

Respiratory Rate

The number of breaths taken per minute

Resting Heart Rate

The number of heartbeats per minute while the body is at rest — usually an average of 70 beats per minute for an adult

Steady State

The state in which oxygen supply equals oxygen demand so that virtually all the required ATP to maintain the current exercise intensity is being supplied aerobically.

Stroke Volume (Sv)

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each beat (contraction) of the heart

Systolic Blood Pressure

The blood pressure recorded as blood is ejected during the contraction phase of the heart cycle. It is the higher of the two blood-pressure values.

Tidal Volume (Tv)

The amount of air taken in and let out by the lungs per breath

Vasodilation

The process whereby blood vessels increase their internal diameter as a response to an increased demand for oxygen delivery to muscle tissue

Ventilation

The amount of air inspired or expired per minute by the lungs. Term = respiratory rate × tidal volume