2, pathology of musculoskeletal injury

trauma

physical injury or wound that is produced by an external or internal force

load

external force or forces acting on internal tissue

stiffness

ability of a tissue to resist a load

stress

internal resistance to an external load

strain

extent of deformation of tissue under loading

deformation

change in shape of a tissue

elasticity

property that allows a tissue to return to normal following deformation

yeild point

elastic limit of tissue

plastic

deformation of tissues that exists after the load is removed

creep

deformation of tissues that occurs with application of a constant load over time

mechanical failure

exceeding the ability to withstand stress and strain, causing tissue to break down

injury

external forces directed on the body resulting in internal alteration in atomical structures, sufficient enough to cause damage or destruction to that tissue

tissue loading

compression, tension, shearing, bending, torsion

compression

external loads applied toward one another in apposite direction. shortens and widens

acute compression

someone knees you and causes a bruise

damage over time

chronic compression

tension

a force that pulls or stretches tissue, equal and opposite external loads that pull a structure apart

shearing

equal but not directly opposite loads are applied to opposing surfaces to move in parallel directions relative to one another

4 point bending

two force pairs act opposite ends of a structure

3 point bending

three orces cause bending, middle of bone

bending

when an already bowed structure is axially loaded

twisting

in opposite directions from the opposite ends of a structure

acute

something initiated the injury process, occurs immediatly. direct blow

muscle strain, contusion

injuries that are acute

chronic

when it doesnt heal properly, repetitive dynamic use over time

tendonitis, tendinosis

chronic injury examples

skeletal muscle

composed of contractile cells fibers, movement, fascia covering. Well vascularized so heal faster

tendon

band of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone, covered by tendon sheath, hard to tear

moves to decrease friction

function of tendon sheath

fascia

dense sheet of connective tissues that lines the body wall. in limbs, seperates regeion into compartments. Trained same way as muscle

elastic fascia

where can natural spring and speed come from

retinacula

around some joitns, thickened bands of fascia that keeps tendones anchored down

strains

overstress or tear to muscle or adjacent tissue. Range from some separation to complete muscle rupture

grade 1 muscle strain

some fibers have been stretched resulting in tenderness and pain. Can continue to play

grade 2 muscle strain

number of fibers have been torn, usually a depression or divot is palpable, some swelling and discoloration result.

grade 3 muscle strain

complete rupture of muscle or musculotendinous junction, impariment, lots of pain that diminishes due to nerve damage.

biceps, achillies

what places are the most common to tear

cramps

imvoluntary muscle contractions, more common outdoores

guarding

muscle contraction in response to pain, ex after hyperextension, muscle around will tighten to protect

spasm

involuntary muscle contraction due to neurological damage or disease

soreness

caused by overexertion in exercise, DOMS delayed onset muscle soreness

tendinitis/tendinosis

overuse injury to tendon

tendinitis

gradual onset leading to inflammation of the tendon. Obvious swelling and pain, can lead to crepitus

crepitus

sticking of tendon due to accumulation of inflammatory by products or irritated tissue

tendinosis

tendinitis that has not properly healed and worsened. Less inflammation but more swollen and stiff with restructed motion

tendionpathy

referes to either tendinitis or tendionsis

tensosynovitis

inflammation of a tendon and its synovial sheath

contusion

deep bruise due to sudden blow causing hematoma where blood and lymph flow to surrounding tissue.

myositis ossificans

Chronically inflamed and contused tissue may result in generation of calcium deposists that can become bone

acute compartment syndrome

hit hard and start to get welling in muscle that can eventually cut of circulation and nerves. Skin changes colour and cant feel it.

synovial joints

two or more bones that articulate with one another to allow movement

ligament

thick band of connective tissue connected to bone that helps resist certain forces in certain directions

extracapsular

ligamanet ouside the articular capsule

intracapsular

ligament inside the articular capsule

meniscus

pad of fibrocartilage between the articular surfaces that absorbs shock and increase the stability of the joint, only in select synovial joints.

labrum

ring of fibrocartilage surrounding the socked of a ball and socked joint that increases the stability. in shoulder and hip

Bursa

fluid filled sac between tissues to reduce friction, cant feel unless inflamed

ligament sprain

stretch, tear of rip of ligament when stress is applied that forces motion outside its limits

grade 1 ligament sprain

some stretching of ligament fibers. Minimal pain and loss of function, point tenderness. Can play through

grade 2 ligament sprain

some tearing of ligament fibers. Pain and moderate loss of function, swelling and instability.

grade 3 ligament sprain

total tearing of ligament. Very painful, loss of function, severe instability and swelling

dislocation

bone is forced out of alignment and stays out until it is manually or surgically reduced

subluxation

bone is forced out of alignment but goes back into place

bursitis

inflammation of a bursa, can be acute or chronic, play through

open fracture

displacement of the fracture causes bone to break through tissues

closed fracture

fracture with little movement or displacement, does not penetrate superficial tissue

greenstick fracture

incomplete break in bones that have not been completely ossified. In teens or children.

spiral fracture

S shaped separation usually caused by plant and twist mechanisms

avulsion fracture

separation of bone fragment from its cortex at an attachment of a ligament or tendon

comminuted fracture

three or more fragments at the fracture site.

stress fracture

results from overuse, begins as dull aches that get worse. Commonly in weight-bearing bones of legs