Studied by 54 people
Kardelis 2023
the rhetorical situation
speaker, purpose, audience, context, exigence (SPACE)
speaker
background info about the author of a piece
purpose/claim
what is the author trying to do with this work?
audience
who is reading/seeing this?
context
what was happening at the time (broad)
exigence
what inspired the author to write the text (specific context)
concession
an acknowlegement that an opposing argument may be true
refutation
denial of the validity of an opposing argument
qualify
developing ideas and exploring solutions
quantify
support a claim with ideas such as “how much,” “how many,” “how often”
aristotelian trangle
diagram which illustrates the relationships between speaker, subject, and audience
rhetorical appeals
ethos, logos, pathos
ethos
establishes the trustworthyness of the author
logos
offering clear, rational ideas backed with fact
pathos
appeal to emotions: fear, patriotism, anger, hope, prejudices
archaic language
using old-fashioned language
aliteration
using words that start with the same letter one after another
colloquialism
using language that reflects the actual way people speak, using slang
connotation
implied or contextualized meaning of a word
denotation
the literal meaning of a word
ellipsis
omitting some parts of a sentence to give the reader a chance to fill the gaps
jargon
language that is specific to a place, period, or occupation
repetition
repeating words/phrase in order to emphasize or reiterate
cumulative sentence
sentence where the main clause is at the beginning and then more details are added
hortative sentence
an imploring/entreating call to action
imperative sentence
a commanding/demanding call to action
periodic sentence
sentence that builds up to the main point, the main clause is held until the end
anaphora
repetition of words of phrases in the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences
antimetabole
repetition of words in reverse order
example of anaphora
““It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness”
example of antimetabole
"Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country."
example of antithesis
"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."
antitihesis
opposition of words using parallel construction
asyndeton
omission of conjunctions between phrases, clauses, or words
example of asyndeton
"He ran, jumped, laughed, played."
juxtaposition
placement of two things closely together to emphasize differences
example of juxtaposition
"War and Peace"
parallelism
using similar structure in successive phrases or clauses
example of parallelism
"I came, I saw, I conquered."
syndeton
addition of multiple conjunctions between words or phrases
example of syndeton
"I ate pizza and pasta and salad."
allusion
reference to another source
example of allusion
"In the story, he was a real Romeo with the ladies."
anecdote
a (typically short) narrative used to illustrate or explain
antecedent
a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another; what pronouns refer to
example of antecedent
"John lost his wallet."
In this sentence, "John" is the antecedent of the pronoun "his."
assonance
repeating vowel sounds
consonance
repetition of identical or similar consonants in different words
example of assonance
"The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain.”
example of consonance
"Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers."
epithet
a descriptive term or phrase used to characterize a person, place, or thing.
example of an epithet
"Alexander the Great" - the term "the Great" is an epithet used to describe Alexander
euphemism
the substitution of a harsh word or phrase for something more agreeable
example of a euphemism
“he passed away”
extended metaphor
a comparison between two unlike things throughout a series of sentences
example of an extended metaphor
"All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts."
hyperbole
a deliberate exaggeration
example of hyperbole
"I've told you a million times to clean your room!"
imagery
descriptive language appealing to all five senses, painting a picture
example of imagery
"The golden sun sank below the horizon, casting a warm orange glow across the tranquil, turquoise sea.”
maxim
a short statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct
example of a maxim
“If you can’t say something nice, don’t say anything at all”
metaphor
a comparison that replaces on object for another
example of a metaphor
"Her voice is music to my ears."
metonymy
the substitution of the name for an attribte of the thing
example of metonymy
“suit” for “business executive”
motif
a repeating symbol throughout a text
example of a motif
blood in Macbeth
oxymoron
using two contradictory words next to eachother
example of an oxymoron
“peaceful revolution”
paradox
a statement that seems contradictory yet could be true
example of a paradox
"it was the beginning of the end."
personification
describing an inanimate object as if it were a person
example of personification
“With history the final judge of our deeds”
rhetorical question
posing a question for effect rather than to get an answer
example of a rhetorical question
“Will you join in that historic effort?”
similie
a comparison that uses “like” or “as”
example of a similie
“cool as a cucumber”
symbol
object used to represent an idea or theme
example of a symbol
rose —> love
synecdoche
using one part to refer to the whole
example of synecdoche
refering to a car as a “set of wheels”
tone
authors attitude towards a subject or matter
zeugma
using two different meanings of the same word within a sentence
example of zeugma
“When we bear arms, we bear a burden of responsibility”
claims of fact
an assertion that something is true or not; can be proven by fact
claims of value
assertion that something is good/bad, right/wrong
claims of policy
suggestion of a course of action BASED on claims of fact and value
firsthand evidence
something the writer KNOWS from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge
secondhand evidence
information accessed through research, reading, etc; typically factual
open thesis
does not list all the points the author intends to include, suggests an abstract/vague claim of value
closed thesis
lists main points in a specific, limited claim of value
counter-argument thesis
summary of primary counterargument, is preceded by “but” or “although”, and is usually followed by the writer’s primary claim
fallacies of relevance
using evidence that is irrelevant to the claim
ad hominem
attacking character of speaker instead of addressing topic
appeal to false authority
using someone as an “expert” who is not actually and expert
faulty analogy
a comparison between two irrelevant things
red herrings
introducing new and unrelated topic before addressing argument topic
fallacies of accuracy
using innacurate evidence (whether intentionally or unintentionally)
non sequitur
claim where the reason does not logically connect
Note 
Flashcard (137)