Pharmacology

Pharmacology

The study of drugs in living systems

Biopharmaceutics

The area of pharmacology that studies the methods for achieving effective drug administration

Pharmacodynamics

The study of drugs’ effects

Drug nomenclature can be divided into what parts?

• chemical name

• proprietary or trade name

• generic or nonproprietary name

Chemical name

IUPAC designation that identifies the structure of the compound

Proprietary name

Brand or trade name (ex: Tylenol)

Generic name

Most branded pharmacologic agents become generic when patent expires

What is a drug?

Any chemical substance that produces a biological response in a living system

Where are most drugs metabolized?

In liver

What is the most common route of excretion for pharmacologic substances?

Kidney

What does PDR stand for?

Physician’s desk reference

What is the PDR?

• annual publication that contains product information of drugs

• identifies drugs by generic and brand name

• gives accepted uses, side effects, and dosages

All drugs packages must contain certain information according to the U.S food and drug administration:

• trade and generic names

• indications and contraindications

• usual dose

• chemical composition and strength

• any reported side effects

The Controlled Substance Act

Divides drugs and other controlled substances into five schedules according to potential for abuse

Which of the following meds are commonly found in an emergency crash cart and function to raise blood pressure?

Norepinephrine

Heparin

Used to decrease coagulation

Nitroglycerin

Vasodilator that relaxes the walls of blood vessels and increase circulation

Lidocaine

Used as a local anesthetic and antidysrhythmic

What are some cardiac medications?

• antiarrhythmic

• antihypertensive

• diuretics

Antiarrhythmic medications

• drugs that affect the electrical conduction system of the myocardium

• used to prevent or treat cardiac arrhythmias (dysrhythmia)

What are some examples of antiarrhythmic medications?

Lidocaine (xylocaine), procainamide

Antihypertensive medications

• assists in lowering the blood pesssure to safe, long-term goals

• treats hypertension

What are some examples of antihypertensive medications?

Lisinopril, verapamil, vastec, diazoxide, atenolol

Diuretics medications

• designed to eliminate excess fluid and sodium from the bloodstream, thus decreasing the overall pressure within the vessels

• increases flow of urine

What are some examples of diuretics medications?

Triamterene, hydrochlorothiazide, lasix

Anticoagulant medications

Frequently used in patinas who have either a history of blood clot formation or the potential to develop blood clots

What are some examples of anticoagulant medications?

Heparin, coumadin, enoxaparin

Antiplatelet medications

Used in patients who have experiences an acute ischemic event to either their heart or brain

What are some examples of antiplatelet medications?

Aspirin, clopidogrel, plavix

Thrombolytic medications

Used to actively break up a newly formed clot, such as found in patients with acute myocardial infarction, acute stroke secondary to blood clot, or lower leg ischemia

What are some examples of thronbolytic medications?

Alteplase, strepkinase

Analgesic medications

Used to treat both acute and chronic pain syndromes, such as arthritis, headache, muscle sprains, cancer pain, surgical and traumatic pain, nerve pain, and in some cases, anxiety

What are the subclasses for analgesic medications?

Narcotics and acetaminophen

Narcotics

Stimulate CNS receptors causes decrease in pain perception

What are some examples of narcotics?

Morphine, codeine

Acetaminophen

Acts by inhibiting prostaglandins in the CNS responsible for pain production

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Used to treat pain associated with inflammation, such as in arthritis, vasculitis, muscle tears, broken bones, and surgical incision or trauma wounds

What are some examples of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs?

Ibuprofen, naproxen, motrin, celebrex

Muscle relaxants

Used to treat pain associated with muscle spasms

What are some examples of muscle relaxants?

Diazepam, lorazepam

Anesthetics

Agents that act on the central nervous system to produce a loss of sensation

What are some examples of anesthetics?

Novacaine, lidocaine, xylocaine

Laxatives

Drugs that act to promote the passage and elimination of feces from the rectum

What are some examples of laxatives?

Dulcolax, colace, mineral oil

Cathartics

Have a stronger effect, and cause the evacuation of the entire colon, usually in then form of watery, unformed stool

Bronchodilators

Used to dilate airways of lungs, used to treat asthma or severe bronchospasms

What are some examples of bronchodilators?

A;buterol, atrovent, brovana

Antiemetics

Drugs used to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting

What are some examples of antiemetics?

Compazine, zofran, dramamine

Emetics

Produce vomiting (induce or promote)

What are some examples of emetics?

Ipecac syrup

Antiulcer agents

Used to treat peptic ulcers

What are some examples of anticancer agents?

Zantac, prevacid

Antihyperlipidemic agents

Decreases the build up of fat in the arteries

What are some examples of antihyperlipidemic agents?

Lipitor, zocor

Antihistamine medications

Used to block histamine from producing adverse effects, such as itching, inflammation, respiratory distress, and overall allergic reactions

What are some examples of antihistamine medications?

Hydroxyzine (vistaril), diphenhydramine (benadryl), Claritin, allegra

Antidiabetic medications

Required for patients who have difficultly maintaining proper balance between blood sugar and tissue sugar

What are some examples of antibiabetic medications?

Glucotrol, micronase

What are some examples of medications given to non-insulin dependent (mellitus type 2) patients?

Metformin, glimegrimide, glipizide, glyburide, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, nateglinide

Do type 1 or type 2 diabetic patients require regular meals so that blood sugar does not drop to dangerously low values, leading to seizure activity/comatose state

Both

What type of patient must be made aware of time constraints while waiting in imaging departments

Type 1 and type 2 diabetes

A diabetic patient who has taken their insulin and is fasting (for a radiologic exam) is susceptible to a _________ reaction as a result of their low blood sugar

Hypoglycemic

What should hypoglycemic reactions by treated with?

A dose of sugar (candy, juice, etc)

Antiseizure (anticonvulsant) medications

Used to prevent and to treat seizure disorders

What are some examples of antiseizure medications?

Phenytoin, diazepam

Antipsychotic medications

Used to treat psychotic episodes and disorders such as schizophrenia, paranoid behaviors, hallucinations, delusions, bipolar affective disorder, acute agitation, antisocial behaviors, and mania

What are examples of antipsychotic medications?

Haloperidol, clozapine, lithium

Antidepressant medications

Used to treat clinical depression that results from neurotransmitter deficiencies

What are examples of antidepressant medications?

Amitriptyline, desipramine, prozac, Paxil, zoloft

Antianxiety medications

Used for treating acute and chronic anxiety states

What are examples of anti anxiety medications?

Diazepam, lorazepam, valium, xanax

Antibiotics

Used to kill or suppress pathological microorganisms that cause infectious disease

What are examples of antibiotic medications?

Penicillin, cephalosporins, erythromycin, amoxil, ceftin, Zithromax

Antifungal medications

Use to kill mycotic (fungal) organisms

What are examples of antifungals?

Amphotericin B, fluconazole, diflucan

Antiviral medications

Used to suppress and limit the spread or shedding of viruses that invade the human body

What are examples of antiviral medications?

Acyclovir, ribarvirin, Zovirax

Chemotherapy medications

Extremely toxic compounds designed to kill off rapidly growing cells (as with cancer) of the human body by altering or destroying the various stages of mitosis

What are examples of chemotherapy drugs?

Adriamycin, methotrexate

Bid

Two times a day

Tid

Three times a day

Qid

Four times a day

Qh

Every hour

Pc

After meals

Dx

Diagnosis

IV

Intravenous

c (line above letter)

With

s (line above letter)

Without

Prn

Whenever necessary

NPO

Nothing by mouth

Po

By mouth

R/o

Rule out

F/u

Follow up

Hx

History

Tx

Treatment

What contrast exam is typically done first since the contrast is excreted rapidly?

IVUs

What should you always do to ensure that any previous contrast media does not Permian and obscure any images

Preliminary scout image

What is the most common reaction in the radiology department?

Anaphylactic