Anatomy and Physiology Exam One : Neuroanatomy

Where do the brain, cerebrum, and cortex develop?

In utero

What is the first part of the brain that develops?

The brain stem aka core of life; oversees respiration and heartrate

Cerebellum

Oversees sequencing

Subcortex

Contains many ventricles

Cortex

last part of the brain to develop, is folded in on itself. Where all sophisticated action happens ( ability to learn, vision, auditory processing)

Automaticity

The development of motor patterns (speech, swallowing, volitional activities)

Patterned Responses

Walking, deveopment of speech sounds, ( SWALLOWING, a neuromuscular event)

2 main components of the Nervous System

Motor and Sensory

Stroke

Can interfere with blood flow to the brain , which can cause muscle spasticity, or muscle flaccidity

Childhood Apraxia of Speech

children cant get their oral motor system to go through the patterns that would allow them to speak. A problem with motor programming.

muscle tone

partial contraction of muscles, muscle is ALIVE tissue that is working, it has to have some sort of activity working

Flaccidity

Muscles with no tone

Spasticity

Muscles with too much tone

Volitional movement

overseen by the cortex

Soma (Nerve)

main area where processing of info occurs; the cell body

Dendrites

feed into cell body, bring in info to the cell body for processing (input)

Axon

Flow of information

Axon Hillock

Spot where the axon meets the soma

Mylelin Sheath

Protective, the nerve has an electric charge, the myelin sheaths contains that, and is placed in segments

Nodes of Ranvier

Part of axon not covered by myelin

Multiple Sclerosis

Body attacks myelin in nervecells cells, limiting body function

Synaptic Cleft

Where neurotransmitters get transferred

Synapse

Neurological message has been delivered

Parkinson’s Disease

occurs because ability to secrete dopamine deteriorates in subcortical areas, treated by providing synthetic dopamine

Motor nerves

In charge of motor actions

Sensory nerves

In charge of sensory actions

Astrocyte

oversees the care of indivdual neurons, feed the individual nerve cells, they feed on oxygen that is brought through the arteries , takes away toxins through exhalation

Capillary

Small Blood vessels

Somatic

related to pain, temperature, mechanical stimulation (vibration) oversees change in joint/muscle position

Kinesthetic

Sense of body in motion

Special senses

Vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch

Central Nervous System

encased in bone (brain and spinal cord )

Peripheral Nervous System

12 pairs of cranial nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves. Cranial nerves oversee speech and swallowing. Both have motor and sensory, go outside of the bone run outside of the brain.