Anatomy and Physiology Exam One : Neuroanatomy

Where do the brain, cerebrum, and cortex develop?

In utero

What is the first part of the brain that develops?

The brain stem aka core of life; oversees respiration and heartrate

Cerebellum

Oversees sequencing

Subcortex

Contains many ventricles

Cortex

last part of the brain to develop, is folded in on itself. Where all sophisticated action happens ( ability to learn, vision, auditory processing)

Automaticity

The development of motor patterns (speech, swallowing, volitional activities)

Patterned Responses

Walking, deveopment of speech sounds, ( SWALLOWING, a neuromuscular event)

2 main components of the Nervous System

Motor and Sensory

Stroke

Can interfere with blood flow to the brain , which can cause muscle spasticity, or muscle flaccidity

Childhood Apraxia of Speech

children cant get their oral motor system to go through the patterns that would allow them to speak. A problem with motor programming.

muscle tone

partial contraction of muscles, muscle is ALIVE tissue that is working, it has to have some sort of activity working

Flaccidity

Muscles with no tone

Spasticity

Muscles with too much tone

Volitional movement

overseen by the cortex

Soma (Nerve)

main area where processing of info occurs; the cell body

Dendrites

feed into cell body, bring in info to the cell body for processing (input)

Axon

Flow of information

Axon Hillock

Spot where the axon meets the soma

Mylelin Sheath

Protective, the nerve has an electric charge, the myelin sheaths contains that, and is placed in segments

Nodes of Ranvier

Part of axon not covered by myelin

Multiple Sclerosis

Body attacks myelin in nervecells cells, limiting body function

Synaptic Cleft

Where neurotransmitters get transferred

Synapse

Neurological message has been delivered

Parkinson’s Disease

occurs because ability to secrete dopamine deteriorates in subcortical areas, treated by providing synthetic dopamine

Motor nerves

In charge of motor actions

Sensory nerves

In charge of sensory actions

Astrocyte

oversees the care of indivdual neurons, feed the individual nerve cells, they feed on oxygen that is brought through the arteries , takes away toxins through exhalation

Capillary

Small Blood vessels

Somatic

related to pain, temperature, mechanical stimulation (vibration) oversees change in joint/muscle position

Kinesthetic

Sense of body in motion

Special senses

Vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch

Central Nervous System

encased in bone (brain and spinal cord )

Peripheral Nervous System

12 pairs of cranial nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves. Cranial nerves oversee speech and swallowing. Both have motor and sensory, go outside of the bone run outside of the brain.

Autonomic Nervous System

Involuntary body function (heart rate, respiratory, gland secretions)

Sympathetic Nervous System

Expends energy, responds to stimulation through energy expenditure (ANS)

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Conserves energy, counters the sympathetic response (ANS)

Somatic Nervous System

Voluntary bodily function , all skeletal muscles (striated muscle)

Afferent

Ascending , sensory (sympathetic)

Efferent

Descending , motor (sympathetic)

Ganglia

Groups of cell bodies having functional unity and lying outside of CNS

Vasoconstruction

Constriction of blood vessels

____ refers to cell bodies

Gray matter

_______ is made up of myelinated fibers

white matter

______ makes up half of the brain

Glial cells

______ supplies nutrition to the brain

arachnoid mater

____ is under the pia mater

gray matter

Lateral Ventricles

2 of these, butterly like open spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid

3rd Ventricle

inferior to the lateral ventricle

4th ventricle

between the pons and cerebellum (posterior fossa: important structure because it is near the brain stem)

Peripheral NS

Branches that shoot out of the spinal cord

Cervical plexus

grouping of nerves that run close together that work together

Brachial plexus

Shoulder injury

C5, C4

important area, frenic nerve which innervates the diaphragm

The is no _____ in your spinal column

Arachnoid layer

T, L, S

Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral

Cortex

last layer of brain formed in utero

Cerebral Longitudinal Fissures

Space, divides the cortex into hemispheres, includes sulcus and gyrus

Sulcus

The valleys of the brain folds

Gyrus

The hills of the brain folds

Fissure

Really deep sulcus

Rolandic Sulcus

Divides the frontal lobe from the parietal and occipital lobe

Sylvian Fissure (Lateral)

Subdivides the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobe

Pyramidal

Initiation of voluntary action, the muscles that support a certain movement need to be present (extrapyramidal)

Corticobulbar Tract

nerve pathway from the cortex to the medulla, oversees much of speech/swallowing, runs up and down

Encephalon

The brain

Telencephalon

first brain structure (olfactory, basal ganglia, cerebral hemispheres, rhinecephalon)

Diencephalon

optic tract, thalamus, hypothalamus

Mesincephalon

Midbrain

Metencephalon

Pons, cerebellum

Myelencephalon

Medulla oblongata, all of this is brain development in untero

Bulbar

As the medulla develops

Excitation

When a nerve is sending a message , this causes the other nerves to be inhibited

Hematoma

Blood clot, collection of blood

Subdura hematoma

under dura, over arachnoid, stems from arachnoid

Crebrospinal Fluid

moves throughout your brain and spinal cord, takes away toxins (hydrocephalus : extra cerebrospinal fluid)

Frontal Lobe

largest lobe in front. All tissue anterior to the Rolandic Fissure . Site for input of auditory information , helps identify anterior and posterior, points in the front. Holds executive function (attention), initiation, and inhibition

• damage can cause inhibition

• tied with cognitive function

Parietal Lobe

Behind central sulcus, bilateral (two lobes). Primarily sensory , responsible for processing bodily sensation. Areas within it helps to locate articulatory target prior to speech act.

Occipital lobe

All vision, one lobe

Temporal Lobe

Bilateral lobe, where your hearing is, ability to understand auditory perception, if right handed, that is where all your receptive language is

Insula

Located within gyri and sulci formation, posterior frontal lobe is where it is located . Helps with reading and verbal expression

Opercula/Operculum

where verbal expression is, near the insula . more superficial than the insula

The brain

A collection of cells layered upon each other

brocas area

on left side if right handed , deals with expressive language, overlies the insula. reading, writing, speaking, verbal expression

Precentral Gyrus

in front of central Gyrus ,aka the motor strip, where initiation and function of movement is located

Humunculus

Shows the organization of the motor strip (tongue, articulators, and larynx)

Apraxia

Inability to move according to certain motor plan

Parts of parietal lobe

post central gyrus (sensory), pre central gryrus (motor)

Supremaringal Gyrus

(parietal lobe ) has input to motor programming for speech

Angular Gyrus

Comprehension of words