The formation and role of groups supporting CR and their ideas for change

SCLC Formation

1957 by MLK jr to coordinate action of local protest groups through NVDA after MBB success

SCLC Role

• Umbrella organisation supporting groups such as MIA

• NV DA and trained communities and leaders

• Voter registration drives + protests (eg Selma, Birmingham and involved in MoW)

• Contributed to landmark legislation (CR Act and Voting Rights Act)

SCLC Ideas for change

• Advocated for NV DA as moral imperative

• Empowerment through voter education and registration

• Expand efforts that were exemplified through MBB success

SCLC Key ideas

Non-violence

SNCC Formation (Student non-violent coordinating committee)

1960 by college students committed to NVDA

Organised by Ella Baker (invited black college students who participated in sit-ins to gather)

SNCC Role

• Key role in Freedom Rides (61)

• Deseg. campaigns (Albany)

• voter registration in Mississippi

SNCC Ideas for Change

• NV

• Interracial cooperation

• Shifted toward Black Power under Carmichael’s leadership (1966)

• Encouraged grassroots mobilisation

NAACP Formation

• 1909 by progressive whites and black activists

• Initial focus on ending lynching

NAACP Role/Key achievements

• created Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF) which led to victories like BvB

• Supported grassroots efforts (Parks protest - MBB)

• Backed MIA with funds and aid in MBB

• Aided with Voter education project (62) + MoW (63)

NAACP Criticism

Moderate approach amid growing militancy(in 60’s)

Distanced from radical groups due to shift to Black Power (SNCC and CORE)

SCLC criticism

Too moderate amidst increasingly militant 60’s

CORE

Congress of Racial Equality

CORE Formation

1942 by interracial group (Chicago) inspired by Gandhi and NVDA

Role CORE

• Advice to MLK in MBB

• Organised Freedom Rides (61)

  • Sustained with collaboration with SNCC and SCLC

• 1964 Freedom Summer and MFDP contributions

CORE Key ideas

NVDA - shifted to Black Power (by 66) = limited white involvement and promotion of black Nationalism

NOI Formation

1930 - was unique with ideas of black superiority, black separatism and self-sufficency

NOI Beliefs

Whites created by evil scientist (on black paradise) “White devils”

Racial separation and opposed race mixing

NOI notable members

MX and Muhammad Ali

NOI Criticism

• Seen as hate group by many (including MLK)

Black Panthers

Black Panthers formation

1966

BP ideology

• Radical approach

• Black power

• Self defense

• Black seperatism

BP role

• confronted politicians

• Challenged police

• Protected people from police brutality

Black Power

Black empowerment and self determination/self efficiency (economic and political)

• emerged from frustration with slow CR progress and continue discrimination

• Aimed to promote black pride and challenge systemic racism and achieve political

Black Nationalism

political and cultural ideology promoting self-determination, unity, and empowerment

Core Beliefs:

• Racial pride and African heritage.

• Economic and political independence.

• Self-reliance and collective action.

Goals:

• Build strong, self-sufficient Black communities.

• Challenge systemic racism.

• Achieve political and economic power within Black communities.