Growth

Week 9: Tuesday, October 21st: Metabolic Rate & Temperature Regulation (cont.); Thursday, October 23rd: Growth

_______ is organized addition of new tissue ocurring normally in development from infancy to adulthood

growth

_______ is the process of cells growing in size

hypertrophic

_______ is the process of cells growing in number (tumors)

hyperplastic

_______ tissue is found in the skin and organ lining; covers and protects

epithelial

_______ tissue is found in blood, lymph, bone, and cartilage; transports substances

connective

_______ tissue is found in muscles; contracts and relaxes

muscular

_______ tissue is found in axons and the nervous system; sends chemical signals

nerve

_______ regulation of growth comes from the brain

central

during central regulation, GHRH tells the pituitary to _______ GH, but somatostatin tells it to _______ GH (release or inhibit)

release, inhibit

_______ regulation of growth comes from the cells themselves

local

the liver releasing IGF-1 to inhibit the pituitary is an example of what feedback?

direct negative feedback 

the pituitary releasing GH to act on theparaventricular nucleas in the hypothalamus is an example of what feedback?

indirect negative feedback 

what element is needed in cells to release GH from the cell?

calcium

what growth stage does solely IGFs and insulin control?

prenatal

what growth stage doesIGFs, insulin , GH, and T3 control?

childhood

what growth stage does IGFs, insulin, GH, T3,  and sex steroids control?

adolescence

what growth stage does all growth hormones control at different levels?

adulthood

true or false: sex differences show growth curves

true

_______ is a condiiton characterized by a decrease in growth and the inability ot develop cancer

dwarfism

_______ is a condiiton characterized by excessive growth after adulthood

acromegaly

abnormal development of anterior pituitary, synthesis and secretion of GH, and GH receptors will cause _______

GH hyposecretion

abnormal anterior pituitary/hypothalamuc tumors, secretion of pituitary cells, and GH secreting tumor sells will cause _______

GH hypersecretion

GH is produced by _______ cells in the anterior pituitary in light adn heavy forms due to alternative splicing

somatotrope

GH receptor is a _______ in the cytokine receptor family, which is enzyme linked

glycoprotein 

_______ is when bone form from mesenchymal tissue

intramembrane ossification 

_______ is when catilage is the model, then bones replace it

endochondra ossification 

IGF, insulin, and placental lactogen regulate _______

bone development

bone growth continues via _______ for length, and _______ for diameter

endochondral ossification, appositional growth 

growth plate activity depends on what two hormones signaling each other?

GH and IGF-1 

waht two hormones accelerate the closure of growth plates at puberty?

estrogen and testosterone

GH acts on liver → stimulates IGF-1 and IGF-2 release → enters blood; promotes bone growth is an _______ mechanism of GH action

indirect 

GH acts on tissues to induce IGF-1 production is an _______ mechanism of GH action

direct 

IGF-1 inhibitng GH release is a _______ mechanism of GH action

negative feedback 

_______ affects growth and glucose regulation, where as _______ affects substance clearance ein lysosomes (IGFs)

IGF-1, IGF-2

_______ are hormones that have the following characteristics:

1. stimulate endocondroal and interstitial bone growth

2. control fetal and placental growth

3. decrease fat deposition

4. increase fat metabolism for energy and protein synthesis

5. promote organ/tissue growth (except thyroid and reproductive)

insulin-like growth factors

_______ are hormones that are permissive for GH and IGF action

thyroid hormones

_______ are hormones that promotes fetal growth, supports postnatal GH effects, regulates glucose and fat, and binds IGF-1 receptors to enhance anabolic effects

insulin

_______ are hormones that antagonize insulin if its too high

GH

_______ are hormones that are needed for GH synthesis, and increases somatostatin if its levels are too high

glucocorticoids

_______ hormones support leukocyte maturation

thymic

_______ hormones support smooth muscle and fibroglast growth

PDGF

_______ inhibit local mitosis, causing “growth” breaks

chalones