INI-CET LRR Surgery Lecture Notes

These flashcards cover essential concepts related to surgery, particularly focusing on kidney stones, their formations, and related medical conditions.

What is the chemical composition of Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate?

Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate is composed of calcium oxalate with two molecules of water.

What is the chemical composition of Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate?

Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate consists of calcium oxalate with one molecule of water.

What is the appearance of Dumb-Bell or Hourglass crystals?

Dumb-Bell or Hourglass crystals are characteristic shapes of Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate.

What type of stone is Struvite?

Struvite is a type of kidney stone composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate.

What describes the coffin-lid crystal?

Coffin-lid crystals are a shape associated with Struvite stones.

What type of amino acid is associated with the formation of Cystine stones?

Cystine stones are associated with the amino acid cystine.

What does RCC stand for in a medical context?

RCC stands for Renal Cell Carcinoma.

What is the primary characteristic of hypervascular lungs in RCC?

Hypervascular lungs often show increased blood vessel density due to metastatic disease.

What is a pulsatile second degree lesion?

Distinct, pulsatile masses that may be associated with vascular tumors.

Define osteolytic lesions.

Osteolytic lesions are bone lesions that result in bone destruction.

What are cannon-ball metastases?

Cannon-ball metastases are large pulmonary nodules seen in cases of metastatic disease.

What is the term for a necrotic kidney requiring surgical removal?

Autompehrectomy refers to the surgical removal of a non-functional or severely damaged kidney.

What does 'Putty kidney' refer to?

Putty kidney describes a kidney that is irregularly shaped and often associated with renal stones.

What is Sterile Pyuria?

Sterile pyuria is the presence of white blood cells in urine without bacterial infection.

What does complete mean in a surgical context?

Refers to the total removal or involvement of a surgical area or organ.

Describe Weiser-Meyer's Rule.

Weiser-Meyer's rule involves anatomical principles for surgical approaches.

What is a ureterocele?

A ureterocele is a dilation of the distal ureter within the bladder.

What appearance is described as 'Cobra-head'?

Cobra-head appearance refers to the visualization of a ureterocele during imaging.

What is the Key-Hole sign?

Key-Hole sign is indicative of post-urethral obstruction and enlargement.

What is the typical cause of an enlarged posterior urethra?

The typical cause may be due to posterior urethral valves in pediatric patients.

What type of stoma is associated with bladder surgery?

Bladder stoma refers to a surgically created opening from the bladder to the abdominal wall.

What are the common types of stones found in Uric Acid and Struvite conditions?

The common types include uric acid stones and struvite stones.

What primary condition contributes to struvite stone formation?

Primary conditions include recurrent urinary tract infections.

What is the significance of ammonium in urine chemistry?

Ammonium can indicate metabolic imbalances and contribute to stone formation.

What is the role of TPRIMARy in uric acid studies?

TPRIMARy is likely a mnemonic or shorthand related to initial metabolic investigation.

What kind of medical specialty does Dr. Pritesh Singh belong to?

Dr. Pritesh Singh specializes in Surgery.

What is calcium oxalate often related to in dietary intake?

Calcium oxalate is often related to dietary intake of oxalate-rich foods.

Define hypervascular lesions in the context of kidney disease.

Hypervascular lesions in kidney disease may indicate malignancies or aggressive conditions.

What does an hourglass shape in crystals suggest?

It suggests the presence of Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate.

What is suggested by a putty appearance of a kidney?

Suggests the presence of stones or severe renal damage.

What does sterile pyuria indicate?

It indicates a urinary tract condition without visible bacterial infection.

What does 'autompehrectomy' imply about kidney condition?

It implies that the kidney may no longer function properly and is diseased.

Identify a key sign associated with posterior urethral obstruction.

The Key-Hole sign is associated with posterior urethral obstruction.

What surgical procedure may involve creating a bladder stoma?

Surgical procedures involving tumor removal or bladder reconstruction.

What condition can lead to Uric Acid stones?

Dehydration can lead to Uric Acid stones.

What is the clinical significance of ammonium in urine?

Ammonium levels can indicate renal tubular acidosis.

What appearance is associated with excessive cystine in urine?

Cystine crystals with a hexagonal appearance.

What substance may precipitate in alkaline urine?

Struvite may precipitate in alkaline urine.

What essential mineral is often linked to kidney stone formation?

Calcium is often linked to kidney stone formation.

What is the relationship between urinary pH and struvite stones?

Struvite stones commonly form in alkaline urine.

What type of symptom is associated with bladder stones?

Symptoms may include hematuria and dysuria.

What does the presence of cannon ball secondaries indicate?

Indicative of widespread metastasis in the lungs.

Define the term 'renal stone'.

A solid mass made of crystals that forms in the kidneys.

What imaging technique is commonly used to identify stones?

Ultrasound or CT scans are commonly used.

What role does the ureter play in kidney function?

The ureter transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

What shape do Struvite crystals exhibit?

Struvite crystals usually have a coffin-lid shape.

What does 'pulsatile lesion' refer to?

Lesions that exhibit a pulse-like vascular pattern, suggestive of a vascular tumor.

What could result from an obstructed urethra?

Hydronephrosis can occur due to an obstructed urethra.

What is the significance of a cobra-head appearance in radiology?

It suggests the presence of a ureterocele in imaging findings.

What is one possible indication of sterile pyuria?

It may indicate interstitial cystitis or a sexually transmitted infection.

What is 'incomplete' in surgical discussions?

Incomplete refers to any procedure that does not fully achieve its intended goal.

Define the term 'calcification' in renal imaging.

Calcification refers to the presence of calcium deposits seen in imaging studies.

What does an 'hourglass' appearance indicate in medical tests?

Indicates the presence of certain types of kidney stones.

What could be the implications of kidney stones in a diet?

Dietary adjustments may be necessary to prevent recurrence.

What does 'cystine' refer to in the context of kidney diseases?

Cystine is an amino acid that can crystallize to form stones.

What metabolic condition is often associated with Struvite stone development?

Recurrent urinary tract infections lead to Struvite stones.

What is the typical treatment for ureterocele?

Surgical intervention is usually required to correct ureterocele.

What is meant by 'pulsatile mass'?

A mass or tumor that can be influenced by blood flow.

Identify a common imaging sign of bladder pathology.

The key-hole sign or bladder stoma may indicate pathology.

Name a common symptom of kidney stones.

Pain or renal colic is a common symptom.

What condition might result from persistent UTI?

It can lead to kidney stones, particularly Struvite stones.

Define 'hypervascularity' in cancer.

Increased blood vessel presence, suggesting aggressive tumor features.

What does the presence of 'coffin-lid' crystals indicate?

Likely indicates the presence of struvite stones.

What is the potential risk of urinary obstruction?

Urinary obstruction can lead to kidney damage and infection.

What dietary changes may prevent Calcium Oxalate stones?

Reducing oxalate-rich food intake may help prevent stones.

What does a complete surgical procedure imply?

All targeted tissues and defects have been effectively addressed.

Name a feature of the posterior urethral valve condition.

Enlargement of the posterior urethra is a key feature.

What is the function of the ureters?

Ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Describe the formation of struvite stones.

They form due to infection and alkaline urine conditions.

What is the primary goal of treating kidney stones?

To relieve obstructive uropathy and prevent recurrence.

What is the implication of the 'putty kidney' finding?

It indicates significant renal pathology usually needing surgery.

What does renal cell carcinoma typically lead to?

It can lead to various types of metastatic spread, including the lungs.