CH 5 history vocab

Precedent

an act or statement that becomes an example, rule, or tradition to be followed 

cabinet

heads of the executive departments who meet as a group in order to advise to President

tariff

a tax on imported goods

loose construction/interpretation

a belief that the government has any power not forbidden by the constitution

strict construction/interpretation

a belief that the government is limited to powers clearly stated in the Constitution 

Whiskey Rebellion

a 1794 uprising in western Pennsylvania that opposed the federal excise tax on Whiskey

Political party

an organization of people who seek to win elections and hold public office in order to shape government policy

Democratic-Republican

led by Jefferson and Madison, one of the first political parties in the United States and also known as Republicans

Proclamation of Neutrality

formal announcement issued by U.S. President George Washington on April 22, 1793, that declared the nation neutral in the conflict between revolutionary France and Great Britain

Little Turtle

American Indian leader of the Miami people. Resisting American expansion into the Northwest Territory, Little Turtle’s forces won several victories against U.S troops in 1790  & 1791. Signed the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, ceding much of Ohio and parts of Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan to the United States

Battle of Fallen Timbers

a 1794 battle in which federal troops defeated the Miami Confederacy of American Indians

Treaty of Greenville

aimed to end the hostilities that had engulfed the Great Lakes. It was an imperfect agreement not agreed upon by all the tribes, but it ended violence at least temporarily, and established Indian lands

French Revolution

an uprising  against the French monarchy that began in 1789

John Jay

a New York attorney, joined the Patriot cause during the American Revolution and served in the Continental Congress. He went on to serve as president of the Continental Congress and as a diplomat to Spain and France. He helped win favorable terms for the new nation in the Treaty of Paris. After the war, Jay continued in Public Service, and advocated ardently for ratification of the Constitution. As The Federalist, under the pen name Publius. He was appointed the first Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court by George Washington

XYZ Affair

a diplomatic controversy in 1798 in which French officials demanded bribes of American negotiators

Alien and Sedition Acts

1798 laws that allowed the government to imprison or deport non-citizen immigrants, known as aliens, and to prosecute those who criticized the government 

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

state resolutions passed in 1798 declaring the  Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional

Aaron Burr

third vice president of the U.S. Angered by comments made by Alexander Hamilton to a duel in 1804, during which Hamilton was killed

Unwritten Constitution

hose processes of our government that are considered an essential part of the system yet they are not actually in the Constitution

Bureaucracy

a group of departments and officials that make up an organization, such as a government

John Marshall

was the fourth chief justice of the U.S After serving under George Washington in the Revolutionary War, including the winter at valley forge, held various law and political positions. As Chief Justice, Marshall participated  in more than 1,000 decisions, writing more than 500 of them himself, often advancing and defending judicial power and the principles of American federalism

Judicial Review

the power of the Supreme Court to decide whether acts of a president or laws passed by Congress are constitutional 

Louisiana Purchase

the 1803 purchase from France by the United States of the territory between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains

Lewis and Clark Expedition

the 1804 expedition sent by President Jefferson to explore the newly-acquired Louisiana Territory 

Barbary War

A war between the Barbary states and the U.S

Impressment

a policy of seizing people or property for military or public service 

Embargo

a official ban or restriction on trade

Marbury v. Madison

the 1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review

Tecumseh

was a Shawnee warrior from the Ohio Valley who spearheaded a spiritual and military resistance movement among American Indians in the early 1800’s Tecumseh actively resisted the U.S, fighting in battles, rejecting treaties, and traveling widely to convince american Indian groups that they were all one people and that no one group had the right to make a treaty.

Battle of Tippecanoe

an 1811 battle in the Indiana Territory between American Indians and the U.S troops in which the American Indians were defeated

War Hawks War of 1812

members of Congress who pushed for war against Great Britain in the years leading up to the War of 1812

Andrew Jackson

was an American military officer before serving in the U.S House of Representatives and Senate, and as the seventh U.S President  from 1829 to 1837, As a general in the U.S Army during the War of 1812, He successfully defended New Orleans. As President, he vetoed  the renewal of the charter of the Bank of the U.S, opposed the nullification issue in South Carolina, and initiated the spoils system

Francis Scott Key

was an American Lawyer and amateur poet who is best known as the author of “The Star-Spangled Banner”  which became the U.S national anthem in 1931

The Star Spangled Banner

a poem written by Francis Scott Key in 1814  that became the national anthem in 1931

Battle of New Orleans

war of 1812 battle when the United States defeated the British in January of 1815

Treaty of Ghent

a 1814 agreement that ended the war of 1812

Hartford Convention

in 1814 meeting of Federalists from New England who opposed the War of 1812 and demanded constitutional amendments to empower the region 

National Road

a road built by the federal government in the early 1800’s that extended from Maryland to illinois 

Erie Canal

a canal completed in 1825 that connected Lake Erie to the Hudson River

Industrial Revolution

a shift from manual labor to mechanized work that began in Great Britain during the 1700s and spread to the United States around 1800

Samuel Slater

a english-born industrialist who used his knowledge of cotton manufacturing and textile machinery to build the nation's first water-powered textile mill in 1793 at Pawtucket, Rhode Island

Francis Cabot Lodge

was a leading republican senator who led the successful fight to keep the U.S from joining the League of Nations after WW1. Before becoming Senator, he had served in the house. Earlier, he worked as a magazine editor and historian 

“Lowell Girls”

young women who worked in the textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts, in the early 1800’s

Interchangeable parts

identical components that can be used in place of one another

Eli Whitney

American inventor and known for his invention of the cotton gin, which he patented in 1794, to automate the removal  of seeds from raw cotton. His greatest contribution was developing the idea of mass-producing interchangeable parts. He did this in 1797 in order to fulfill a contract  to supply muskets for the government

Samuel F.B. Morse

was originally an art student who developed the idea of electric telegraph. By 1838, he had developed the system of dots and dashes that became known throughout the world as the Morse Code. Later in life, Morse became a prominent philanthropist, donating to charities and helping to establish vassar college.