The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis

These flashcards cover the key concepts of the eukaryotic cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis as presented in the lecture notes.

What is cell reproduction essential for?

Replacing dead cells, growth of an organism, and wound healing.

How many chromosomes are in human cells?

Humans have 46 chromosomes in most cells, which includes 23 pairs.

What is a karyotype?

A visualization of the number, shapes, and sizes of chromosomes in a cell.

What are sister chromatids?

Identical copies of a chromosome connected at the centromere.

What is cytokinesis and when does it occur?

Cytokinesis is the physical division of the cell into two daughter cells, occurring after mitosis.

What is the human chromosome number?

The human chromosome number is 46 (2n=46).

What is meiosis?

Meiosis is the process by which haploid cells are produced from a diploid cell.

What is nondisjunction?

Nondisjunction is when homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate properly during meiosis.

How does mitosis differ from meiosis?

Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces four genetically diverse daughter cells.

What happens during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

Cells grow and produce proteins and organelles in preparation for DNA replication.

What is crossing over, and when does it occur?

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.

What is the difference in chromosome number between haploid and diploid cells?

Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes (n), while diploid cells have two sets (2n).

What are the two types of checkpoints in the cell cycle?

G1 checkpoint (checks for favorable conditions) and G2 checkpoint (checks for DNA replication and damage).

What is the result of meiosis I?

Meiosis I results in two haploid daughter cells with replicated chromosomes.

What happens during telophase in mitosis?

Chromosomes decondense, the nuclear envelope reforms, and cytokinesis begins.