LEQ MAIN TIMELINES

For the AP test, these are the main points of the 3 sections.

1450 - 1700 Causes

Renaissance, Age of exploration, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution. (RARS)

1450 - 1700 Effects

Emergence of nation-states, decline of feudalism, growth of commerce (trade), rise of absolutism, religious conflicts

What are nation-states

a sovereign (typically a monarch) territory with one group of individuals who share a common history.

1450 - 1700 Important Figures/events/details

Martin Luther, Gutenberg’s printing press, Columbus’ voyages, Treaty of Westphalia.

What was the treaty of westphalia

It ended the 30 yrs. war between Protestant and Catholic nations. The treaty granted rulers the right to determine the religion of their territories. This helped establish the idea of state sovereignty, emphasizing the authority of individual states to govern their internal affairs without outside influence.

Why is the treaty of westphalia important in society?

• The treaty granted rulers the right to determine the religion of their territories. This helped establish the idea of state sovereignty, emphasizing the authority of individual states to govern their internal affairs without outside influence.

• Balance of power: Introduced the concept of balance of power, aiming to prevent any single state from becoming too powerful, so it won’t threaten the stability of Europe.

• End of religious wars: This led to an end of the era of religious wars in Europe. States now prioritized national interests and power dynamics, rather than religious affiliations.

1450 - 1700 Connections

The Renaissance sparked intellectual curiosity, leading to both the Reformation and Scientific Revolution. The Age of Exploration fueled economic growth but also led to colonization and exploitation.

1648 - 1914 Causes

Causes: Peace of Westphalia, Enlightenment, Industrial Revolution, French Revolution, Napoleonic War (PEIFN)

1648 - 1914 Effects

Rise of nationalism, Imperialism, Industrialization, Decline of Monarchies, World Wars.

In 1648 - 1914, how did it lead to the decline of monarchies?

Enlightenment Ideas: Challenged ideas of divine right & advocated for more representative forms of government.
Revolutionary Movements: Revolutions like the French Revolution challenged monarchical authority

1648 - 1914 Impor.

Napoleon Bonaparte, Karl Marx, Industrialization, Congress of Vienna.

Napoleon Bonaparte

• Seized power of France due to coup d’eta, establishing himself as first consul and then Emperor.

• He expanded France across Europe.

• Napoleon's Code, or the Napoleonic Code, was a comprehensive set of laws introduced by Napoleon Bonaparte that emphasized legal equality, the protection of property rights, and the secular nature of the state.

• Napoleonic Wars: Series of conflicts fought between France and other European powers

1648 - 1914 Connections

The Enlightenment inspired ideas of individual rights and democracy, which fueled both the French and Industrial Revolutions. Industrialization led to economic shifts, social changes, and imperialism.

How did Industrialization lead to Imperialism?

Industrialization led to the mass production of goods, leading to increased demand for raw material and new markets for manufactured goods. Imperaliam provided a means to exploit the natural resources of colonies and extract wealth for the benefit of the industrialized nations.

1815 - 2001 Causes

Congress of Vienna, Nationalism, Industrialization, World Wars, Cold War, Globalization

What’s the Congress of Vienna

A series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte.

• Congress of Vienna had redrawn the map of Europe with the goal of preventing France from threatening the balance of power again.

Whatś globalization?

The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

1815 - 2001 Effects

Spread of democracy, decolonization, technological advancements, globalization

Otto Von Bismarck

• Unified Germany

• Formed alliances like with Austria Hungary, which would later lead to WW1.

Winston Churchill

• Successfully led Britain through WW2

• Declared that an "iron curtain" had descended across Europe, dividing the Soviet Union and its allies from the rest of the continent.

Berlin Wall

• Construction in 1961, Soviet Union built this in order to symbolize a divide between West and East Germany.

• It’s falling down marked the end of the Cold War in Europe.

1815 - 2001 Impor.

Otto Von Bismarck, WW1, Treaty of Versailles, Winston Churchill, and Berlin Wall

1815 - 2001 Connections

The World Wars dramatically reshaped political boundaries and power dynamics, leading to the Cold War. The end of the Cold War and globalization brought about interconnectedness but also new challenges.

How did the World Wars dramatically reshape political boundaries and power dynamics, leading to the Cold War?

• Treaty of Versailles: The harsh terms of the treaty and perceived injustices fueled resentment and nationalist sentiments in Germany, laying the groundwork for the rise of Adolf Hitler and the outbreak of WW2.

• Rise of Totalitarian Regimes: During the interwar, totalitarian regimes Germany, Italy, and Japan sought to expand their territories and assert dominance on the world stage.

• WW2 & The Redrawing of Borders: The defeat of Nazi Germany led to the redrawing of borders. With the Allied Powers dividing Germany into two zones. The Soviet Union occupied East Germany and installed a rigidly controlled communist state.

• Emergence of Superpower Rivalry: The aftermath of WW2 saw the emergence of 2 superpowers,, U.S. and S.U. with different political and economic systems. This ideological differences between capitalism and communism led to increasing tensions.