Microbiology Test 5 Questions

Antimicrobials that are effective against a wide variety of microbial types are termed ______

A) broad spectrum drugs

B) oxygen radicals

C) narrow spectrum drugs

D) antibiotics

A

Selective toxicity refers to ________

A) damage to pathogen and host cell membranes

B) damage to the pathogen but not host cells

C) damage to all pathogen and host cellular proteins

D) damage to all bacteria

B

Each of the following contributes to the emergence of drug resistance except ______

A) improper use of antibiotics

B) overuse of antibiotics

C) ingestion of antibiotics with animal feed

D) multiple drug therapy

D

The greatest number of pathogens enter the body through the _____

A) eyes

B) skin

C) urinary system

D) respiratory system

D

Live microorganisms such as Lactobacillus bulgaricus found in yoghurt that help improve/restore gut microbiota balance are examples of

A) prebiotics

B) contamination

C) pathogens

D) probiotics

D

______ such as DNase, and gelatinase are adaptations that allow microbes to establish themselves in a host.

A) death factors

B) pathogen factors

C) growth factors

D) virulence factors

D

A/an ____ is the first case that brings the epidemic to the attention of officials.

A) fatality

B) pandemic

C) index case

D) epidemic

C

Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis and yaws in humans is an example of a/an ________

A) normal flora

B) commensal

C) opportunistic pathogen

D) true pathogen

D

The following soil microbes are all important sources of antibiotics except _____

A) penicillium

B) Bacillus

C) Staphylococcus

D) Streptomyces

E) Cephalosporium

C

Infectious diseases acquired during hospital of health care facility stays are known as _______

A) healthcare associated mortalities

B) chronic infections

C) lifestyle diseases

D) terminal diseases

E) nosocomial infections

E

Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic that works by _____

A) inhibiting folic acid synthesis

B) destabilizing LPS in the outer membrane

C) inhibiting protein synthesis

D) inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan

E) inhibiting DNA replication

E

The term _______ is used to describe the spread of an epidemic across continents

A) morbidity rate

B) pandemic

C) index case

D) mortality rate

E) epidemic

B

Nutrients added to foods that encourage the growth of beneficial microbes in the gut are known as ____

A) probiotics

B) superfoods

C) energy supplements

D) prebiotics

E) yellow soup

D

The most common drug used to treat yeast infections, fluconazole (brand name: diflucan), targets ____ synthesis in fungi

A) cellulose

B) glucan

C) peptidoglycan

D) protein

E) ergosterol

E

Antibiotic-resistant efflux pumps in bacterial cells function by ____

A) pumping out the antibiotic once it enters the cell

B) altering antibiotic receptors on target cells

C) pumping antibiotics efficiently into the cell

D) pumping antibiotic-neutralizing material into the cell

E) altering target protein structure

A

The minimum number of microbes necessary to cause an infection to proceed is the _______

A) infectious dose

B) death dose

C) infectious cohort

D) minimum concentration

A

Microorganisms directly cause damage to their host through the action of toxins or __________

A) cytokines

B) enzymes

C) antimicrobials

D) death factors

B

When you get infected with Yersinia pestis, the initial, brief period of early, general symptoms such as fatigue and muscle aches is the

A) incubation period

B) convalescent stage

C) prodromal stage

D) continuation phase

C

The _____ is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent that prevents the visible growth of a microorganism after incubation

A) mortality concentration

B) minimum inhibitory concentration

C) antimicrobial zone

D) inhibition zone

E) lethal dose

B

Antibiotic resistance is most likely to develop during the _____, because many patients stop taking antibiotics during this period

A) incubation period

B) prodromal stage

C) convalescent period

D) continuation period

C

The paralysis associated with polio is an example of _______

A) a prodromal stage symptom

B) sequelae

C) convalescence

D) an acute phase symptom

B

The most frequently prescribed antibiotic in the US, amoxicillin, works by _______

A) inhibiting DNA replication

B) destabilizing LPS in the outer membrane

C) inhibiting protein synthesis

D) inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan

E) inhibiting folic acid synthesis

D

The primary way to eradicate a zoonotic disease is by ______

A) eradicating the animal reservoir

B) prescribing lots of antibiotics

C) universal vaccination

D) encouraging close associations between humans and animals

A

Shingles is an example of a/an _______ infection

A) vector transmitted

B) contagious

C) exogenous

D) endogenous

D

Eastern equine encephalitis, zika and malaria are all example of communicable diseases transmitted by ______

A) fomites

B) vectors

C) soil

D) contaminated water

B

Penicillin based drugs prevent microbial growth by _____

A) inhibiting synthesis of bacterial cell walls

B) blocking folic acid synthesis

C) inhibiting DNA replication

D) inhibiting translation

A

As a healthcare worker, antibiotic-resistance bacteria acquired at work can spread antibiotic- resistant genes to your gut microbiota through horizontal gene transfer, specifically via processes like transmission and _____ where bacteria exchange genetic material

A) superinfection

B) plasmidosis

C) transposon synthesis

D) translocation

E) conjugation

E

All of the living microorganisms present in your gut are collectively known as _______

A) gut-germs

B) opportunistic commensals

C) pathogens

D) microbiota

D

______ is the total number of deaths within a population over a specific period

A) morbidity rate

B) pandemic

C) index case

D) mortality rate

E) epidemic

D

Staphylococcus epidermidis a member of your skin microbiota can be described by all the following terms except?

A) commensal

B) normal microbiota

C) pathogenic microbiota

D) indigenous microbiota

C

The human _____ has the most diverse population of microorganisms

A) gut

B) hand

C) skin

D) foot

A

A newborn's normal microbiota is generally derived from all of the following sources except ____

A) hospital parking lot attendant

B) hospital delivery staff

C) the birth canal

D) breast feeding

A

Pathogens that invade your body and can degrade DNA traps set by immune cells most likely have a _______

A) lipase

B) DNase

C) coagulase

D) gelatinase

B

Bacteria such as S. auerus use leukocidins to ________

A) degrade host collagen

B) destroy DNA traps

C) kill phagocytes

D) form clots to evade immune system cells

C

Overgrowth of Candida albicans, causing a vaginal yeast infection after antibacterial treatment for a urinary tract infection due to E. coli, is an example of ______

A) superinfection

B) immune subversion

C) colitis

D) antibiotic resistance

A

Azithromycin is an antibiotic that works by ______

A) inhibiting DNA replication

B) destabilizing LPS in the outer membrane

C) inhibiting protein synthesis

D) inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan

E) inhibiting folic acid synthesis

C

In which of the following situations did disease develop due to vertical transmission of the pathogen?

A) a fetus develops listeriosis after unpasteurized cheese infected with Listeria bacteria is consumed by the mother during pregnancy

B) a traveler develops COVID-19 after sharing a buffer with 900+ other individuals on a cruise ship

C) a dog develops rabies after getting scratched during a fight with a raccoon that carries the virus

D) a hospitalized patient contracts MRSA bacteria in a wound following surgery

A

Microbes resistant to penicillin have _______ which hydrolyzes the ß- lactam ring and inactivates its antibacterial properties

A) coagulase

B) DNase

C) leukocidin

D) methylase

E) ß-lactamase

E

The Kirby- Bauer test is used ___________

A) to kill antibiotic resistant bacteria

B) for antibiotic susceptibility testing

C) to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of drugs

D) to identify probiotic/beneficial bacteria

B

Adaptations that allow microbes to establish themselves within a host are known

A) death factors

B) virulence factors

C) growth factors

D) lytic factors

B

Which of the following is not a characteristic of an ideal antimicrobial?

A) be easy to administer and able to reach the infectious agent anywhere in the body

B) remain active in the body as long as needed and be safely and easily broken down and excreted

C) be toxic to the infectious agent and nontoxic to the host

D) complements or assists the activities of the hosts defense

E) be disruptive to the hosts health by causing allergies

E

Biofilm-forming pathogens are very challenging to treat with conventional antibiotics because _______

A) antibiotics often easily penetrate the sticky extracellular material surrounding biofilms

B) pathogens in a biofilm exist only on synthetic surfaces such as catheters, and they cannot be treated with antibiotics

C) pathogens in a biofilm degrade antibiotics at a much faster rate than their free-living counterparts

D) when part of a biofilm community, pathogens express different genes thus changing their antibiotic susceptibility

D

During the ________ of infection the infectious agent multiplies at high levels, exhibits its greatest virulence and becomes well established in its target tissue

A) incubation period

B) acute phase

C) prodromal stage

D) convalescent period

E) sequelae

B

Which of the following is not a common microbe that caused healthcare-associated infections

A) Clostridium difficle

B) roseobacter denitrificans

C) enterococcus

D) escherichia coli

E) staphylococcus auerus

B