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What are the main types of volcanic eruptions based on the structure of the volcanoes?
Composite volcanoes, shield volcanoes, and cinder cones.
How are composite volcanoes characterized?
They have a broad base, steep sides, and consist of alternating layers of ash and lava, often with a crater at the top.
What is an example of a composite volcano?
Mt. Fuji.
What distinguishes shield volcanoes from other types of volcanoes?
They are built almost entirely of fluid lava flows, have a large width, and relatively low height.
Which volcano is a classic example of a shield volcano?
Mauna Kea on the Big Island of Hawaii.
What are cinder cone volcanoes primarily made of?
Small rock fragments that grow rapidly and erupt over a short period.
Can all volcanoes pose the same level of risk? Why or why not?
No, the risk varies depending on eruption history, proximity to populated areas, activity level, and the nature of eruptions.
What are the key factors influencing volcanic eruptions?
Magma viscosity, gas content, plate tectonics, and lava temperature and composition.
What are the characteristics of oceanic crust?
Denser, thinner, mostly basalt, 3-10 km thick, younger than continental crust.
What is the average density and thickness of oceanic crust?
3.0 g/m density and 3-10 km thick.
How does continental crust differ from oceanic crust?
It is less dense, thicker, mostly granite, older, and has a higher viscosity.
Which type of crust is generally denser, oceanic or continental?
Oceanic crust is denser than continental crust.
What type of wave are P-waves and what materials can they travel through?
P-waves (Primary waves) are the fastest seismic waves and can travel through both solids and liquids.
What are the characteristics of S-waves?
S-waves (Secondary waves) are slower, can only travel through solids, and produce shear motion.
How do you determine the location of an earthquake epicenter?
By measuring the time difference between P- and S-wave arrivals from at least three seismographs.
What is the first step to find an earthquake epicenter using seismographs?
Measure the time difference between P-wave and S-wave arrivals.
What does the intersection of the circles drawn around seismograph stations represent?
The epicenter of the earthquake.
