mus 203 exam 1

Culture

A shared set of beliefs that define a group of people (not racial or geographical)

Enculturation

How infants learn culture

Acculturation

2 or more separate cultural groups come together, one is usually dominant

Appropriation

Take things from environment and make them who we are

Intra-cultural exchange

Exchange of ideas within you own culture

Inter-cultural exchange

Exchange of ideas between 2 cultures

Eurocentric

How you perceive a culture from your own personal view

Organology

Study of Musical instruments

Aerophones

Wind instruments

Chordophones

Guitar strings

Membranophones

Drums

Idiophones

Bell

Electronophones

Mechanical instrument or electrical

Frequency

Pitch Speed of vibrations in the air

Amplitude

Volume

Spectrum

Timbre-harmonics one voice and another one (2 different instruments), how we distinguish quality of sounds

Rhythm

A series of oral events in patterns time relationship

Meter

Repeating pattern

Rubato

Free rhythm, no steady beat

Melody

Lead voice or lead instrument, how we identify song built on by scales

Scale

Most common is 5 note scale make up melodies

Ornamentation

Decoration left up to performer to add stuff

Syllabic

Separate note for every syllable

Mellismatic

Singing multiple notes over single syllable

Harmony

Under the melody spate voices singing at once notes sounding simultaneously

Chord

3 notes at the same time

Texture

How the different notes relate to each other

Monophony

Single line one sound

Heterophony

2 or more individuals performing same melody with different interpretations

Polyphony

2 or more separate melodies most of music these days

Form

How music is arranged from start, middle, end

Arrival of Indians in America

Between 50000 to 8000 years ago

European Contact

2 million Indians in US rich in culture

Difficulties of studying Indian music

Oral culture, no written records, and disease wiped out a lot of Indians

Role of Music in native culture

Linked to ceremony and ritual

Link to ritual

Songs come out of animal spirit

Vision Quest

Individual go out in wilderness and have visions about songs, ritual

Spiritual power

Music is seen as having power in carrying out the ritual task of a particular ceremony. Correct performance enhances that power

Efficacy

Ability to carry out the ritual function rather than how it sounds

Native American musical characteristics

Mostly vocal; Song Form, Vocables, Scales monophonic/heterophonic

Native American scales

Pentatonic scales most common

Musical Instruments

Drums, rattles, flutes - most common no string instruments

Plains style

Intertribal pow-wow dance guest - male singers and low voices and loud accents Midwest region

Southwest style

Double headed drum, 2 beats, more contours then plain style pushing, intense voices, wider leaps to high note and low note long short beat

Northwest Pacific

Use of log drums and instruments in shape of animals, deeper sound, associated with pot late associated with power (songs) associated with hunting, darker/rounder voice

Trail of Tears

Forced movement of Indians to Oklahoma and Texas

Ghost Dance

A reawakening of Indian dead, seen as war dance seen by US Government, leads to massacre at wounded knee no drums used just voices

Peyote Cult (Native American Church)

Outgrowth of ghost dance many healing ceremonies

Pow wow

20th century practice, intertribal gatherings all around US, way for NA to reconnect with traditions

Plainsong

A simple song, heterophony, not many songs, limited amount, plain

Psalm books

Hymns

Bay Psalm Book

First song, book, religious

Psalm Meter

Amount of syllables per lone

Common Meter

8-6-8-6

Long Meter

8-8-8-8

Short Meter

6-6-8-6, least common meter style

Praise

Idea of purpose of worship, was of higher power, didn't use a lot of notation with poor people

Edification

Religious rituals should edify church, complex arrangements

Lining out

Leader would recite song long then audience would, relates to praise

Singing Schools

Singing masters and would train people, relates to edification

"Regular" singing

Good voice production, good singing, trained singing

William Billings

America's 1st composer of note, New England Psalm-Singer, Publisher, Subscription Sales

Subscription Sales

How Billings sold them, advertise them with books, and got pre sales, early publishing

Shape Notes

Notes with different shapes like diamond and square

Sacred Harp

Most famous shape note

Lowell Mason

Composer, choir director, developed 1st school for music

Teacher System

Teach them to sing first then learn how to read music (Mason)

19th century urban gospel revival

influenced by Great Awakening

Slave Trade

Worldwide activity half million to US brought their own culture

African musical traits

Emphasis on percussion and polyrhymths, dance is huge part of music

call and response

heterogeneous sound ideal (idea of a lot of different songs)

vocal style= thick nasal sound

Polyrhythms

Short interlocking parts

Regional differences in slavery (north, south)

North-Not as many slaved, more acculturation

South- More plantation culture, a lot more blacks and harsher work, more culture because more people

African Holiday Festivals

Africans were allied to have holidays, sang and danced, drums were banned except on these days

Work Songs, Field hollers

People singing in fields

Evangelism among African Americans

Christianize blacks

Controversy over Conversion

People thought it would make them free if baptized

The Great Awakenings

Outdoor religious gatherings in rural areas, people of black and white gathered to sing and dance

Spirituals

Taking European ideas to an African idea, result of Great Awakenings

Richard Allen

First African American preacher; African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), Wandering refrains

African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME)

Church Created by Allen

Wandering refrains

Allen song book had call and response system, 2 line phrase and could be inserted into any song, used in a call and response manner

Ring Shout

Dance when you move in a circle, dances with spirituals, goes with black spirituals, root of all African American music tradition

Georgia Sea Islands

Islands off Georgia, strong African community

Cloaked meanings in spiritual texts

Used to communicate messages songs, had encoded meanings, illusions from bible used as code for African Americans about their slavery

Ballads

Narrative songs originated in Europe, date back to Middle ages, built on series of stanzas that use a strophic text, oral tradition so there are many variations of the songs

Stanza

Verses sets of 4 or 5

Strophic text

Music keeps repeating

Emotional core

Main story, main message remains same in different version despite oral tradition

Imported Ballad type

From British Isles, from tradition

Naturalized Ballad type

Text has been changed to be same as local community, songs from BI applied to America

Native Ballad type

Ballads created in US, propoganda for Revolutionary War

Broadside ballads

Single sheet of paper set to popular song, hastily written, dealt with topical events, published in newspapers, 1st real commercial music

Murder ballads

Popular in BI, involves a death, based on real events or supernatural

Colonial dance music

Lots of dance music, somewhat controversial to more conservative people

Francis James Child

Traveled through British isles, first effort to study folk music

Child Ballads

from child; The English and Scottish Popular Ballads

Cecil Sharp

Went through Appalachians and published them as "Folk songs of the Southern Appalachian", first effort to study folk in America

Olive Campbell

Was with Sharp from US

John and Alan Lomax

Expanded beyond ballads, Caribbean music, inspired Urban folk song movement

Urban Folk song movement

From 1930s music, had a purpose, expression of the working class