Anatomy Exam 2 review

Base of the heart

The part of the heart that is posterior and superior.

Fossa ovalis

An anatomical feature that appears right above the right atrium.

Serous fluid

Fluid that lubricates membranes of the pericardium.

Papillary muscles

Muscles that typically number two and project from the walls of the heart to support the left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid valve).

Pectinate muscles

Muscle fibers found only in the atria.

Cardiac muscle metabolism

The metabolic pathway that relies heavily on aerobic metabolism.

Repolarization phase of the SA node

Occurs in the right atrium; involves closing of calcium channels and opening of potassium channels.

Calcium triggers for muscle contraction

Most of the calcium that triggers the contraction of cardiac muscle comes from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Oxygen-poor blood entry

Oxygen-poor blood enters the right atrium of the heart.

Right AV valve

Also known as the tricuspid valve.

Left ventricular contraction

Propels blood through the aortic (semilunar) valve.

Functions of the pericardium

Protects the heart, prevents overfilling, and creates a near-frictionless environment.

Oxygen-poor blood color

Dark red.

Hematocrit

The percentage of erythrocytes in the blood.

Blood viscosity relation

Viscosity is directly proportional to the number of erythrocytes and directly proportional to the proportions of fluid.

Leukocytes

The largest formed elements in the blood and have a prominent nucleus.

Electrolytes

Substances like sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate.

Erythrocyte phagocytosis

All erythrocytes are phagocytized in the liver and spleen.

Function of the endocrine system

Everything but recovery time that is quick.

Parathyroid hormone regulation

Release depends on blood glucose levels and is an example of humoral signaling.

Paracrine response

When a chemical messenger initiates an inflammatory response through cellular changes in neighboring cells.

Hormones composition

Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids, thus are proteins.

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

The hypothalamus hormone that causes the release of ACTH.

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Stimulated by the anterior pituitary to activate the thyroid gland.

Exercise effect on growth hormone

Causes an increase in growth hormone levels.

Excess growth hormone effect

Results in acromegaly.

Thyroid hormone effects

Increases metabolic rate and body functions.

Glucagon

A hormone that increases the rate of glycogen and glucose by the liver; insulin regulates it.

Calcitonin and thyroid surgery

Typically, blood calcium levels drop during thyroid surgery if the parathyroid gland is removed.

Photoreceptors

Receptors that detect the intensity of light.

Conjunctival epithelial cells

Composed of stratified columnar cells.

Proprioceptors

Receptors that detect body and limb movements.

Iris function

Controls pupil size.

Maculae

Structure that detects acceleration and deceleration movement of the head.

Hormone definition

A protein molecule that has metabolic effects and binds to specific receptors.

Unit of perfusion

Measured in mL/min/g.

Apex of the heart

The bottom tip of the heart.

Base of the heart

The top part of the heart.

Closure of the right AV valve

Occurs due to the contraction of the right ventricle.

SA node location

Located in the posterior wall of the right atrium.

AV node conduction delay

Delayed due to very few gap junctions.

Heart block result

Characterized by a long PR interval.

Lowest blood pressure location

Veins.

Cardiac output specifics

Not specified in the notes.