AP Hug Vocab/Concepts

Reference Maps

Designed for people to refer to for general info about places. Political and Physical

Thematic Maps

Used as a communications tool, tells how human activities are distributed

Cartogram

Choropleth

Dot Density

Isoline

Graduated Symbol

Mercator Map

Shape and Directions are fairly accurate, Distorted toward poles

Robinson Map

Everything is distorted a little

Goode Map

Continent sizes are accurate, directions/distances aren’t accurate

Gall Peters Projection

Shape of countries mainly near the equator are distorted

Geospatial Data

All information including physical features and human activity

GIS

Geographic Information System, computer system that captures, stores, checks, and displays data related to positions of Earth’s surface

GPS

Geographic Positioning System, system which uses data from satellites to pin-point a location on Earth and helps find ways to destination

Remote Sensing

Process of taking pictures of Earths surface from satellites/airplanes to provide understanding of Earths geography over large distances

Spatial Information

May come from field observations, media reports, travel narratives, policy documents, interviews, landscape analysis, and photographic interpretation

Census Data

Official count of individuals in a population (US - happens every 10 years)

Absolute Location

Precise spot where something is located

Relative Location

Where something is located in relation to other things

Space

Extent of area, can be relative/absolute

Place

Specific human/physical characteristics of a location

Distance Decay

Describes effects of distance on cultural/spatial interactions

Time-Space Compression

Increasing sense of connection that seems to bring people closer together even when distances are the same (ex. Internet)

Sustainability

Goal of humans reaching equilibrium with environment, meeting needs of current but leaving resources for future generations

Environmental Determinism

How physical environment caused social development

Possibilism

Physical environment may limit some human actions but people can adjust to environment

Global SoA

World at one level of data

Regional SoA

Continents of world regions data

National SoA

One or more countries data

Local SoA

Subnational level (ex. Counties, Zipcodes in the US)

Arithmetic Density

Total number of objects in an area

Physiological Density

Number of people by unit area of arable land

Agricultural Density

Ratio of farmers to amount of arable land

Carrying Capacity

Maximum population size the environment can sustain

CBR

Crude Birth Rate, number of live births per one thousand people in population

CDR

Crude Death Rate, number of deaths per one thousand people in population

Doubling Time

Time period it takes for population to double in size

IMR

Infant mortality rate, number of babies that die during first year per 1000 live births

RNI/NIR

Rate of Natural Increase, positive means population is growing, negative means population is decreasing

TFR

Total fertility rate, average number of children a woman is predicted to have in her child bearing ages

Epidemiological Model

Stage 1 - Pestilence/Famine (high CDR), Stage 2 - Receding Pandemics, Stage 3 - Degenerative/Human Created Disease (ex. Polio, Heart attack), Stage 4 - Delayed Degenerative (ex. Cancer)

Malthusian Theory

Population increase geometrically, food supply increases arithmetically (Population > Food Supply growth)

Neo Malthusian Theory

Earths resources only supports finite population, pressure on scarce resources = war and famine, family planning/contraceptives = low population and protection of resources to prevent war/famine

Antinatalist policies

When country provides incentives for people to have less children

Pronatalist Policies

When country provides incentives for people to have more children

Dependency Ratio

Ratio of number of people not in workforce to those who are in workforce (dependents may be 13 yo or younger/65 and older)

Transhumance

Moving herds of animals to highlands in summer, lowlands in winter

Brain Drain

When majority of educated/skilled workers leave areas to better opportunities elsewhere

Ethnocentrism

Judging other cultures based on rules of your own

Cultural Landscapes

Forms superimposed on physical environment by activity of humans (ex. Rice fields, street lights, churches, etc)

Ethnic Neighborhoods

Neighborhood, district/suburb which retains some cultural distinction from larger surrounding areas

Stimulus Diffusion

Diffusion in which cultural adaptation is created as result of introduction of cultural trait from another place.

Hierarchical Diffusion

Idea spread by passing along urban to rural

Contagious Diffusion

Transmission through close contact (ex. Disease)

Reverse Hierarchical

Diffusion from rural to urban

Creolization

Language that began as combination of two other languages, spoken as primary language of a group of people

Lingua Franca

Mutually understood and commonly used language by people who have different native language

Colonialism

Effort by one country to settle in territory to impose political, economic, and cultural principles

Imperialism

Policy of extending countries influence through political/military force to already developed areas by indigenous people

Time-Space Convergence

Decline in travel time between locations as result of transportation, communication, and technology/social innovations

Ethnic Religion

Religion that focuses on one ethnic group (ex. Hinduism, Judaism)

Universalizing Religion

Religion that attempts to appeal to all people, worldwide focus (ex. Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism)

Acculturation

Adoption of cultural traits of another culture

Assimilation

Process of person/group losing cultural traits and adopting traits from another culture

Multiculturalism

When various ethnic groups coexist with one another without sacrificing particular identities

Syncretism

Blending traits from two different cultures to form a new trait

State

Political unit with permanent population and boundaries recognized by other states (ex. USA, Australia)

Nation

People who think of themselves as one based on shared sense of culture and history, desires political autonomy (ex, French, German, Indian)

Nation-states

State with a single nation (ex. Japan, Iceland, Armenia)

Stateless Nations

Nation without their own independent state (ex. The Kurds, Palestinians, Hmong)

Multinational States

State with two or more nations (ex. France, USA, Mexico, China, Russia)

Multistate Nation

Nation living across states (ex. Korea, Russia, Kurds)

Autonomous Regions

Area which governs itself but not independent country (ex. Greenland, Hong Kong)

Semi-autonomous Regions

Area which can govern itself in certain areas, but does not have complete power to govern (ex. Nunavut, Canada, Indian Reservations, US)

Sovereignty

Final authority over a territory and right to defend territorial integrity against incursion

Neocolonialism

Gaining indirect control of another country through economic/political pressure

Shatterbelts

Region caught between stronger colliding external forces, under persistent stress, often fragmented by aggressive rivals (ex. Israel/Palestine, Ukraine/Russia, Balkans)

Territoriality

Perceived connection of people, culture, and economic systems to land

Relic Boundary

Boundary that no longer exists as international border but remnants of its existence remain (ex. Berlin Wall)

Superimposed Boundary

Boundary drawn by powerful outsiders and ignores existing cultural groups (Ex. Berlin Conference)

Subsequent Boundary

Boundary that evolves as cultural landscape of an area takes shape and changes as cultural landscape changes (Ex. Ireland and Northern Ireland, Sudan and South Sudan)

Antecedent Boundary

Boundary in natural landscape that existed before cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place as people moved in (ex. Mountains between France and Spain, Lakes between US and Canada)

Geometric Boundary

Boundary that follows a straight line (ex. US and Canada, North and South Korea)

Consequent Boundary

Boundary that coincides with cultural groups (ex. India Hinduism and Pakistan Islam)

EEZ

Exclusive Economic Zone, Zone of water adjacent to contiguous zone (200 miles) in which state has right to explore, exploit, conserve, and manage resources.

Gerrymandering

Redrawing voting district boundaries to give advantage to a political party

Ethnic Seperatism

Mainly religion, language, or ethnicity related differences (ex. Quebec)

Ethnic Cleansing

Mass expulsion/killing members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in society

Irredentism

When a state wants to annex a territory whose population is ethically similar

Economies of Scale

Cost advantages gained by increased level of production. Countries agree to produce more of a good, revenue received from selling that good increases.

Centripetal Forces

Force that tends to unify people and enhance support for state (Petal - Pull)

Centrifugal Forces

Force that divides the state (Fugal - Fatal)

Mediterranean Climate

Hot/dry summer climate, mild winter, defined rainy season, produces grapes, olives, figs, dates, tomatoes, zucchini, wheat, barley. (Found in Mediterranean, California/Oregon, Central Chile, South Africa’s Cape, Parts of Australia)

Tropical Climate

Hot/Humid climate, produces cassava, bananas, sugar cane, sweet potato, papaya, rice, maize

Extensive Agriculture

Agriculture which sues small amounts of labor on large area of land

Intensive Agriculture

Agriculture that uses lots of labor on small area of land

Market Gardening

Intensive, fruits and vegetables sold fresh to consumers but most are sold to large processors for canning/freeze, found in southeast US, California, Southeast Australia, warm

Plantation Agriculture

Intensive, specializes in one crop and transported for sale on global market, tropical, commodity and speciality crops

Mixed Crop/Livestock

Intensive, commercial arming characterized by crops and livestock being on the same farm, cold/warm

Shifting Cultivation

Extensive, farmers move from one farm to another (ex. Slash-and-Burn Agriculture)