Econ Midterm

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191 Terms

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need
necessary for survival
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want
desire, not necessary for survival
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goods
objects that have value and are produced by man or nature
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services
something done by someone in exchange for something
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scarcity
needs and wants are unlimited, but goods, services, and resources are limited. The concept that things are limited.
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economics
the study of how people seek to satisfy needs and wants by making choices and trade-offs
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factors of production
land, labor, capital
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land
place to start business (physical or digital)
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labor
workers, does not include skills, just people
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capital
anything that makes production more efficient, physical or human
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human capital
training, skills that help improve production
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physical capital
machinery or technology that boosts production
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trade-off
the act of giving up one thing to get another
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opportunity cost
most desireable alternative someone gives up as a result of a choice
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“guns and butter”
guns: national defense, military

butter: social programs, healthcare
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production possibilities curve
a graph that shows all of the different combinations of output that can be produced given current resources and technology
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production possibilities frontier
maximum production
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efficiency
maximizing the output of goods and services
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inefficiency/underutilization
not working to full potential
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law of increasing costs
when a supplier increases the production of a good, the opportunity cost of producing additional goods also increases.
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3 basic economic questions
What to produce? How to produce? Who to produce for?
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economic system
groups of people organize their economy differently
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traditional economy
based on tradition, decisions made by elders, ritual, hunter gatherers
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free market economy
based on choice and competition, driven by consumers buying stuff
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command economy
based on government control
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market
actual and potential sellers
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adam smith
believed wealth was created through productive labor
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incentive
financial motivations for people to take certain actions
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competition
companies competing for more sales/success
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communism
classless society, everyone shares the benefits of labors, state controls property and wealth
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capitalism
country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit
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socialism
public ownership of property and natural resources as opposed to private
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authoritarianism
principle of blind submission to authority, as opposed to individual freedom of thought and action
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laissez faire
the government should not intervene in the economy except to protect individuals' inalienable rights
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mixed economy
an economic system combining private and public enterprises
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economic transition
a community changing from one type of economic system to another
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privatization
transfer of ownership and control of government or state assets, firms, and operations to private investors
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macroeconomics
the part of economics concerned with large scale or general economic factors (interest rates and national productivity)
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microeconomics
the study of individual economic decisions (households and people)
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gross domestic product (GDP)
the dollar value of final goods or services produced in a country’s borders within a year
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public good
a good or service provided to people without profit to all of society, for the benefit or well being of the public
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public sector
part of an economy that is controlled by the government
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private sector
not under direct government control
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market failure
insufficient distribution of goods that causes an economic downturn
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externality
side effect of industrial or commercial activity. Positive externality or negative externality.
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poverty threshold
determines the poverty status
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demand
consumers desire or willingness to buy a product or service at a given period of time
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law of demand
when a good or service has a low price, the quantity demanded of that good or service will increase
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substitution effect?
the decrease in sales for a product that can be attributed to consumers switching to alternatives
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income effect?
the change in demand for a good due to a change in a consumer’s purchasing power due to a change in income
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non-price determinants
factors other than price that shift demand: income, consumer expectations, demographics, consumer taste, advertising, price of related goods.
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normal goods
when income increases people demand more normal goods, and less normal goods when income decreases
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inferior goods
people demand more inferior goods when income decreases, and less inferior goods when income increases
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consumer expectations
if a consumer expects a price of a good to increase in the near future, the short term demand for the product will increase. And if a consumer expects the price of a good to decrease in the near future, the short term demand for the product will decrease.
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demographics
statistical characteristics of a population, age, gender, race, occupation
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consumer taste
what people like, immeasurable
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complements
two goods often bought and used together. Price of good increases , demand for complement decreases.
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substitutes
two goods that serve the same purpose and can be used in place of each other
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elasticity of demand
changes in price have a small impact on consumer demand, changes in price have large impact on consumer demand
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inelastic demand
raising price by certain percent will decrease the quantity sold by lesser percent. Price=inelastic, so company gains revenue if it tries to raise prices
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elastic demand
raising price will decrease quantity sold by greater percent. Price=elastic, so company will lose revenue if it raises prices
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supply
the amount of a good or service that is available overall, the total amount that exists
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law of supply
an increase in the price of goods or services results in an increase in their supply
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quantity supplied
amount of good or service a producer is willing to sell at a specific price. Producer provide more goods and services at a high price and less goods or services at a low price.
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elasticity of supply
measures the responsiveness of the supply of a good or service after a change in its market price
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marginal product of labor
a company’s total output increase when it adds a single unit of labor and production factors don’t change
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increasing marginal returns
when adding additional units of labor results in greater marginal product of labor
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diminishing marginal returns
when adding addition units of labor results in less marginal product of labor
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negative marginal return
when adding additional units of labor results in a reduction of marginal products of labor
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fixed costs
a cost that does not change regardless of how much is produced, rent mortgage, taxes
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variable costs
a cost that rises or falls according to the amount of products produced, materials and resources needed to make a product, cloth, metal, electricity
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total cost
fixed + variable
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marginal cost
variable cost associated when 1 more is added
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marginal revenue
the additional income acquired by selling 1 more
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operating cost
day to day costs of running a business
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subsidy
direct or indirect payment to individuals or firms, usually cash payment from government or tax cut
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excise tax
tax put on certain products (cigarettes)
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regulation
rules that companies have to follow put in place by the government
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equilibrium
theoretical, when supply and demand are perfectly balanced and equal
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disequilibrium
the market falling out of balance
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shortage
when the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied
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surplus
the amount of an asset or resource that exceeds the portion that's actively utilized, when you have more of something than you need or plan to use
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price ceiling
a price limit, keeps a price from going over a certain point
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price floor
the lowest legal price that can be paid for goods, services, and labor (minimum wage)
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minimum wage
the lowest a worker can be paid for doing a job
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supply shock?
an unexpected event that changes the supply of a product or commodity, resulting in a sudden change in price
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rationing
the limiting of goods or services that are high in demand and short in supply
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french and indian war
French v.s. Brittish in war over new world colonies. Brittish win but spend a lot of money. Decide to tax american colonies to pay off war debt.
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townshend act
British taxed on colonies to pay for common items like glass, paint, oil, lead, paper… and TEA. Colonists have no say in the passing of this act, bitter over taxation without representation
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boston massacre
angered colonists in boston protest. British soldiers fire on crowd.
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boston tea party
in response to townshend act, boston colonists dump tea from the british east india company into boston harbor
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intolerable acts
after the boston tea party, british government shuts down boston harbor. Also, prevents colonists from putting british soldiers and officials on trial. British are sent back to england for trial.
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firs continental congress
colonists are angry about new acts and taxes, while congress is in session massachusetts militia clash with british soldiers at lexington and concord.
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olive branch petition
Representatives from colonies meet to draft a formal letter of greivances to parliament.
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lexington and concord
“the shot heard round the world”, the first clash between british troops and american colonists (massachusetts malitia and the sons of liberty). start of the american revolution.
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second continental congress
2nd meeting of colonial representatives. colonial/continental army created under leadership of general George Washington. Formal proposal put forth for independence from brittain, byt Henry Lee of VA.
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declaration of independence
written by thomas jefferson as a justification for america’s indeprendence. Outlining birtish violations of the colonists’ rights
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articles of confederation
first government of the united states, drafted quickly after the declaration of independence. A loose agreement between states on how they would act as a united country. States work together for common benefit. National government established, but has little control under the Articles of Confederation. More power in the hands of the states.
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treaty of paris
formally ends american revolution. Britain very generous with land given to U.S. in hopes of establishing a trade relationship\[ in the future.
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shay’s rebellion
farmers in boston rebel when they can’t afford taxes. Revolutionary soldiers unable to be paid their due salaries because national government under the articles can’t raise money through taxes. National government under the articles can’t raise army to meet shay and his rebels.