AP Psych Unit 4 Learning Pt. 2

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38 Terms

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To improve learning in school skinner says to tell students

what they did right and how to further learning

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to improve in sports skinner says use reinforcement in

small successes resulting in gradual improvement and try not to create superstitions producing partial reinforcement

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TO improve performance at work skinner says reinforce

Achievable behaviors some immediate some delayed

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to prevent destructive parent-child relationship skinner says

notice/reward good behavior and calmly explain bad behavior

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to increase self-control/own desired behaviors skinner says

set realistic goals with a concrete plan and log time spending on/off goals starting with many reinforcement then gradually weaning off until it is a habit

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skinner says we can learn from bodily response to manage stress thru

pleasurable thoughts/mindfulness activities

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bio feedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying and feeding back info regarding a subtle physiological state like blood pressure

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Classical Conditioning summary

basic idea = learning associations between events we don't control
response = involuntary/automatic, respondent behaviors
acquisition = associating events NS is paired with US becoming CS
extinction = CR decreases when it is repeated alone
generalization = respond to stimuli similar to CS
discrimination = not respond to similar stimuli as CS

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Operant Conditioning summary

basic idea = learning association between behavior and consequences
response = voluntary/operates on environment, operant behaviors
acquisition = associate response w/ consequence a reinforcer or punisher
extinction = responding decrease when reinforcement stops
spontaneous recovery = reappearance of extinguish response
generalization = responses learned 1 situation occurs in similar situations
discrimination = learn that some response bot not other will be reinforced

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Gregory Kimble's belief

anything an organism can do can be conditioned (is WRONG)

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preparedness

biological predisposition to learn associations that have survival value

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what influences learning?

biological = genetic predisposition, UR, adaptive responses, neural mirroring
psychological = experiences, generalization, predictability of associations, discrimination, expectations
social-cultural = culturally learned preferences, motivation by others, modeling

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John Garcia's ideas on the limits of conditioning

challenged the belief that all associations can be learned equally well
1) even if the rats became sick hours later they avoided that flavor of water
2) developed aversions to tastes, but not to sights or sounds make adaptable sense

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biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are

naturally adaptive
ex: give hamster food as reinforcer w/ digging vs washing face

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instinctive drift

tendency of learned behaviors to revert to biological predisposition patterns

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Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner

showed that an animal can learn the predictability of an event thru light -> tone -> shock animal fear tone not light since tone is better predictor

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more predictable association

stronger CR

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expectancy

awareness how likely it is US will occur

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cognitive map

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment

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latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

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insight

a sudden realization of a problem's solution no strategy-based solutions with little to no systematic interaction with environment

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intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake, diminishes if rewards are constantly given out

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extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

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problem-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

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emotion-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction

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personal control

sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

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when we feel out of control

provokes outpouring of stress hormones and more likely to be ill

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learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation one learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

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freedom/control foster human flourishing but excess freedom causes

tyranny of choice increase regret, info overload and depression

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external locus of control

perception that chance/outside forces control our fate causes stress

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internal locus of control

perception we control our fate cause less stress/healthier

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self-control

the ability to control impulses and delay short term gratification for greater long term rewards
better predictor of future success than intelligent test scores

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observation learning

learning by observing others

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modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

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Albert Bandura bobo doll experiment influence

restrictions of tv violence and socials models

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microneurons

frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when we perform action or observe others actions
may enable imitations of empathy

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prosocial behaviors

positive, constructive, helpful behavior
ex - exposed to someone who helps may entice you to help more

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antisocial behaviors

negative, destructive, unhelpful behavior
ex - exposed to aggression entice aggressive behavior