depression & bipolar disorders

mood disorder

persistent feelings of sadness or periods of feeling overly happy, or flunctuations from really sad to happy

unipolar depression

just depression (pds of normal & depression)

symptoms unipolar depression

emotional- sad, anhedonia: reduced pleasure

physiological/behavioral- sleep disturbances, psychomotor retardation, fatigued & low energy, catatonia- cognitive, motor, behavioral abnormalities, low mobility, unclear thinking, negative pov

cognitive- low concentration, indecisive, feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, delusions & hallucinations w/ depressing themes, suicidal thoughts

bipolar disorder

manic depression, cycle between depression & mania, rare normality

exogenous depression

reactive depression, in response to OUTSIDE events

endogenous depression

independent of external reality, diathesis-stress model: genetic predisposition increases vulnerability to being depressed

depression medications

tricyclic antidepressants- very strong, fatal if overdose, elavil

monoamine oxidase inhibitors- dietary restriction while taking, foods with tyramine can cause fatal rise in blood pressure, nardil

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)- most common: prozac, zoloft, paxil, fewer side effects

2 catergories of unipolar depression

major depressive disorder - 5+ symptoms: sadness, loss of interest for at least 2 weeks

persistent depressive disorder- long lasting, major depressive episodes, dysthymic syndrome: persistent, depressed mood lasting 2 yrs, 3 + symptoms

2:1 ratio unipolar depression

female: male

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

depression occurring during fall or winter, use light therapy to treat

depression other treatments

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)- severe depression, electric current stimulates convulsion in temporal lobe of cortex, usually right, lower current now & sedation

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

vagus nerve stimulation

deep brain stimulation

bipolar disorder aspects

emotional- elation, irritability, agitation

physiological- talkative, decreased need for sleep, increased activity & impulsivity

cognitive- inflated self esteem, grandiosity & hallucinations, racing thoughts, distracted

manic episodes: sex, buying large quantities, starting a project in the middle of the night

less likely than unipolar, = gender

bipolar 1 disorder

elevated mood for at least 1 week, 3 other symptoms, mild or infrequent depressive episodes (worse)

bipolar II disorder

hypomania: milder episodes of mania

fits criteria for major depression

bipolar disorder treatment

Lithium- mood stabilizer, dangerous if too much, effective

anticonvulsants

antipsychotics

calcium channel blockers

biology (mood disorders)

intrinsic- more activity, probs in central executive network

bipolar disorder has stronger genetic component

neurotransmitter dysregulation: serotonin- low in depression, may impact other neurotransmitters, hyperactive stress hormones & weakened immunity

reduced prefrontal cortex activity (goals & motivation)

over & under activity in emotion centers- amygdala

behavioral (depression)

learned helplessness: can't change situation, hopeless & desperate

cognitive (depression)

Beck's negative cognitive triad: self, world, future

causal attributions: how you perceive world; internal/external, stable (will it change or stay), global (generalize problem to other aspects of life)

ruminative response style

therapy: challenge beliefs, realistic thinking

---- new wave: meditation, let thoughts come & go, don't read into meaning

psychodynamic (depression)

depression starts when someone thinks they have been abandoned or have failed

Introjected hostility: aggression and rage turned inside

therapy: transference: patient talks about hostility directing it on therapist & therapist discusses what it means

interpersonal theory

concerned with ppl's close relationships & how those impact their self worth

-grief/loss, role disputes, role transitions, skill deficits

uninformed optimism--> informed pessimism--> informed optimism: yes this is what I want