Anatomy and Physiology Lab 4: Skeletal System of Torso

Axial Skeleton location

skeletal system composed of the bones down the middle of the body

ex. skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs

Appendicular skeleton location

upper and lower limbs and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton

What does articulation mean?

joint or connection between bones

What is a condyle look like on a bone?

large-ish bony nub on the end of a bone. The nub on animations of bone that make them look like bones

What does a facet look like on a bone?

only on vertebra, the projections on the top and bottom (superior and inferior)

What does the head of a bone look like?

prominent, rounded epiphysis

What does a trochlea on a bone look like?

like a sideways hour glass on the distal end of the humerus. It attaches to the ulna and allows for joint movement.

What is fossa look like on a bone?

a fingerprint-like depression

What does a sulcus look like on a bone?

a shallow grove (can be between two tubercles like on the humerous?)

What does a crest look like on a bone?

a narrow, raised ridge along the long edge of a bone

What is an epicondyle on a bone?

less prominent nub right near the condyle

What does a line look like on a bone?

less prominent raised ridge on a bone (?)

What is a “process” on a bone?

bone projection that attached tendon, ligament, or muscle (varies in size)

What does a “spine” on a bone look like?

sharp, slender ridge

What is a trochanter on a bone?

• FEMUR ONLY

• massive rough projection near the hip

What is a tubercle on a bone?

small, round projection that connects muscles, ligaments, and tendons

What is a tuberosity on a bone?

slightly larger, round projection that connects muscles, ligaments, and tendons

What is the “body” on a typical vertebra?

the largest, fattest portion of the vertebra (main portion)

Where is the vertebral arch on a typical vertebra?

the top curve of the vertebral foramen

Where is the pedicle on a typical vertebra?

the bit of bone that connects the transverse process to the body of the vertebra

Where is the lamina on a typical vertebra?

the bit of bone that connects the spinus process to the transverse process of the vertebra

Where is the vertebral foramen on a typical vertebra?

the hole in the center where the spinal column goes

Where is the vertebral canal on a typical vertebra?

the tunnel that is created from the vertebral foramen when multiple vertebra are stacked on top of one another

Where is the spinous process on a typical vertebra?

the large, slender, most posterior projection that comes out of the vertebra

Where are the transverse processes on a typical vertebra?

the large, bilateral projections that come out at an angle

Where are the superior articular facets on a typical vertebra?

when looking at the vertebra from the top, the projections that come out towards you (when two vertebra are connected, the inferior facet and the superior facet connect to form the intervetebral foramen)

Where are the inferior articular facets on a typical vertebra?

When looking at the vertebra from the bottom, the projections that come out towards you (when two vertebrae are connected, the inferior facet and the superior facet connect to form the intervertebral foramen)

Where is the intervertebral foramen on a typical vertebra?

the hole created when inferior facet and superior facets connect

What and where are the concave curves of our spine?

thoracic and sacral

What and where are the convex curves of our spine?

cervical and lumbar

What are the 4 regions of our spine?

• Cervical vertebrae

• thoracic vertebrae

• lumbar vertebrae

• sacrum

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7

What are the distinctive features of the cervical vertebrae?

• considerably smaller than the other vertebrae

• all have transverse foramen (bilateral holes where the transverse processes are on the other vertebrae

Distinctive features of C1 (Atlas)

• NO BODY

• v thin

• have transverse foramen instead of transverse processes

• has a nub of a spinus process

Distinctive features of C2 (Axis)

• dens

• transverse processes

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12

Distinctive features of thoracic vertebrae

• all have ribs attached

• a heart-shaped body

• downward tilting spinus processes

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5

Distinctive features of lumbar vertebrae

• very chunky

• kidney bean-shaped body

• blunt spinus process

• some people have 6 of them, but it doesn’t cause issues

How many fused vertebrae make up the sacrum?

5

What are the ala on the sacrum?

The bilateral wing-like protrusions on near the top of the bone

What does the body of the sacrum look like?

a fused strip between the pairs of foramina

What are the anterior sacral foramina?

the 4 pairs of bilateral holes when looking at the sacrum from the front

What are the posterior sacral foramina?

the 4 pairs of bilateral holes when looking at the sacrum from the back

What is the median sacral crest?

ridge down the midline (posterior view) of the sacrum

What and where is the coccyx?

the tiny little bone at the base of the sacrum that’s an upside down triangle shape

What are the parts of the sternum?

• manubrium (sternal/jugular notch and sternal angle)

• body

• xiphoid process

Where is the sternal/jugular notch on the manubrium?

the top little curve

Where is the sternal angle on the manubrium?

the bottom line that connects the manubrium to the body of the sternum

What and where is the body of the sternum?

• where? between the manubrium and the xiphoid process

• what? the main section of the sternum that attaches ribs 2-7

What and where is the xiphoid process on the sternum?

• What? the tiny little upside down triangle bone

• Where? below the body of the sternum

How many ribs does a human have?

24 (12 pairs)

What are true ribs? Which ribs are true ribs?

True ribs attach to the sternum directly

ribs 1-7 are true ribs

What are false ribs? What are floating ribs? Which ribs are false ribs?

False ribs don’t connect directly to the sternum. They either connect to rib 7 or they aren’t connected to anything at all; floating ribs. ribs 8-10 are false ribs, and ribs 11 and 12 are specifically floating ribs

How do ribs connect to sternum?

They are connected to cartilage which is connected to the sternum. The more flexible cartilage allows for rib expansion and breating.

How do ribs connect to the vertebral column?

• transverses processes on vertebra connect to articular facet on rib

• the ends of the rib also attach to the side of the vertebral body

What is costal cartilage?

the cartilage that connects the ribs to the sternum