Mendel Vocabulary Flashcards

Particulate hypothesis

suggested that particles called pangenes came from all parts of the organism to be incorporated into eggs or sperm, life experiences impacted offspring

Heritable factors

genes, passed from parent to offspring that determine traits.

Characters

distinct heritable features, such as traits or attributes ex: flower color

Traits

character variants ex: purple or white

True-breeding

plants that produce the same variety of offspring when they pollinate

Hybrid

offspring of two different varieties

Genetic cross/hybridization

Cross-breeding to create offspring with specific traits from both parent varieties.

Monohybrid cross

Cross between two individuals differing in one character

Alleles

Alternative presented character versions

For every character

the offspring inherits two alleles, one from each parent

Dominant

the allele that determines the phenotype

Locus

specific location for a gene on a chromosome

Homologous chromosomes

the allele for a specific gene is located at the same locus

Homozygous have same allele on both homologues (bb)

Heterozygous have differing allele (Bb)

Law of Segregation

The two alleles for a heritable character separate (segregate) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes. (an egg or a sperm gets only one of the two
alleles that are present in the organism).

Pp x Pp

PP+2Pp+pp

Genotype

genetic makeup

Testcross

Based on predictions, figure out if an organism is Homo or heterozygous for a dominant allele

Dihybrid

Cross between two separate genes about two separate traits (Seed color and roundness)

Law of independent assortment

inheritance of one character has no effect on the inheritance of another

Epistasis

expression of a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus. Ex: lab color and the enzyme that released it

Complete dominance

The dom allele completely masks the recessive allele

Incomplete dominance

The offspring phenotype is a blend of the parental phenotypes

Codominance

each allele is expressed in separate distinguishable ways. Ex: blood type, AB blood has both dominant alleles present

Pleiotropy

a single gene affects many phenotypic characters. Ex: sickle cell disease, effects the hemoglobin produced, the shape of the cell, and anemia resulting. Co-dominant because there are both sickled and non sickled cells in bloodstream.

Polygenic inheritance

A single character may be influenced by many genes, yields quantitative characteristics. Ex: skin color

Recessive inheritance

inherited diseases are controlled by a single gene, need two recessive alleles. Ex: albinism, cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell

Dominant inheritance

inherited diseases are controlled by a single gene, one dominant allele determines

Multifactorial traits

depend on multiple genes combined with environmental influences

Nature and Nurture

the role of the environment/upbringing on the emergent phenotype, could have same genotype but the environment changes how it presents