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From LUCA, 3 cell types resulted:
eukaryotes
prokaryotes
archaea
microbiology
the study of the life of organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye and require a microscope to be visualized
characteristics of bacteria (prokaryotes)
typically unicellular organisms
peptidoglycan cell wall
can be different shapes and sizes
heterotrophic or autotrophic
bacillus
rod shaped bacteria
coccus
spherical shape
spirilla
spiral shape
vibrio
curved shape
shape of DNA in bacteria
circular
reproductive strategy of bacteria
binary fission (asexual reproduction)
cell type of bacteria
gram positive
gram negative
environments for bacteria
aerobic
anaerobic
halophilic
acidophilic
characteristics of archaea (prokaryotes)
lacks nucleus
pseudomurein cell wall (lacks peptidoglycans)
unicellular
microscopic
shape of DNA in archaea
circular
halophiles
archaeans that live in salty environments
thermophiles
archaeans that live at extremely hot temperatures
psychrophiles
archaeans that live at cold temperatures
methanogens
methane-producing organisms
characteristics of fungi (eukaryotes)
possess a nucleus
chitin cell wall
heterotrophic
can be unicellular or multicellular
shape of DNA in fungi
linear
reproductive strategy of fungi
asexual reproduction
sexual reproduction
saprophytic fungi
live on organic matter
parasitic fungi
live on or within other living organisms
types of parasites
helminths
protozoa
characteristics of protozoans
eukaryotic
mostly heterotrophic
mostly unicellular
mostly lack a cell wall
larger than bacteria 3 - 2000 μm
mostly motile
environments for protozoans
aquatic environment
terrestial environments
helminths
parasitic worms
burrow into the human host and cause disease
characteristics of helminths
no cell wall
heterotrophic
contain microscopic stages
reproductive strategy of helminths
asexual reproduction
sexual reproduction
trematodes
flatworms
nematodes
roundworms
cestodes
tapeworms
characteristics of algae
eukaryotic
cellulose cell wall
unicellular or multicellular
often contain pigments (red, green, brown)
autotrophic (photosynthetic)
reproductive strategy of algae
asexual reproduction
sexual reproduction
characteristics of viruses
acellular
microscopic
may be naked or enveloped
contains protein coat (capsid)
may be DNA or RNA
pathogen
microbe that causes diseases
infectious disease
disease caused by a pathogen
Pathogen colonizes the body.
microbial intoxication
disease caused by ingesting a toxin produced by a pathogen in vitro
example of infectious disease
Myobacterium tuberculosis (TB)
example of microbial intoxication
Staphylococcus aureus (food poisoning)
saprophytes (decomposers)
lives on dead or decaying organic matter
bioremediation
use of microbes to recycle wastes or clean contaminated areas
What is the role of microbes?
recycle organic material
play a role in nitrogen cycle
What is the role of plankton?
food chain
oxygen production
phytoplankton
smal marine plants and algae
zooplankton
small marine animals
uses of microorganisms in industry and biotechnology
food production (cheese, alcohol, bread)
genetic engineering
mining
pharmaceutical industry
biofuels
bacteriology
study of bacteria
mycology
study of fungi (moulds, yeast)
parasitology
study of parasites
phycology/algology
study of algae, seaweeds
immunology
study of the immune systemm
morphology
study of form and structure
physiology
study of metabolism
taxonomy
study of classification
ecology
study of the interactions between living organisms and their environment (distribution, relationships)
requirements for identification of a species
physical characteristics
growth and energy requirements
metabolic processes carried out
Who proposed binomial nomenclature in 1735?
Carolus Linnaeus
binomial nomenclature
Latinized naming system
Genus = capitalized
Species = lowercase
BOTH = italicized or underlined separately
classification of the 3 domains of life
bacteria
archaea
eukarya
Classification is based on what?
16S ribosomal RNA
The more the rRNA is similar, the closer the organisms are related.
classification of a species
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
When was the “golden age of microbiology”? (first age)
What happened during this period?
1657-1914
spontaneous generation theory
germ theory of disease
disease prevenion
Antoni von Leeuwenhoek
built a microscope
observed living microorganisms
provided accurate images, drawing, and descriptions of fungi and bacteria
Who were responsible for the spontaneous generation theory?
Franscesco Redi
John Needham
Lazzaro Spallazani
Louis Pasteur
questioned why wine soured
developed pasteurization (gentle heating of the liquid killed the bacteria but did not spoil the wine or allow it to evaporate)
Who were responsible for the Germ Theory of Disease?
Ignaz Semmelweis
John Snow
Joseph Lister
Ignaz Semmelweis
correlated infections of mothers to physicians who had not washed their hands after visiting autopsy rooms
implemented handwashing practices in birthing wards
John Snow
contradicted miasma theory
conducted first scientific studies of the effects of anesthetics
Joseph Lister
introduced aseptic techniques to reduce microbes in medical settings
disinfection of hands with carbolic acid
cleaned equipment between surgeries
use of heat sterilization
Robert Koch
isolated Bacillus anthracis (causative agent of anthrax)
established Koch’s Postulates
Koch’s Postulates
The suspected causative organism should always be present along with the specific disease and absent in healthy animals.
The suspected organism can be grown in pure culture.
Organisms taken from the pure culture should cause disease in a healthy animal.
The organism can be re-isolated and shown to be the same as the original.
problems/exceptions to Koch’s Postulates
Some organisms are difficult/impossible to isolate in vitro.
Many organisms are species specific and some only infect humans.
Some diseases are synergistic infections caused by several microorganisms.
Some microorganisms become altered when cultured in vitro.
Edward Jenner
created the first vaccine
smallpox/cow pox
Paul Ehrlich
father of chemotherapy
variations of arsenic derivatives used to treat syphillis
Alexander Fleming
discovery of antibiotics
Penicillin
Rebecca Lancefield
proposed that streptococci be classified based on serotypes
due to differences in chemical composition of polysaccharides in the cell wall