ANA 110 (Salmeron)-University of Kentucky-Exam 3

molars anatomy

canines (teeth) anatomy

incisors anatomy

premolars anatomy

Path of fat absorption

- fat

- lipase

- micelles

- lacteals

- thoracic duct

What enzymes are in the large intestine?

none

What enzymes are in the small intestines?

- maltase

- sucrose

- lactase

- peptidase

- intestinal lipase

Sympathetic division job in GI tract

decreases secretion and motility

Haustral churning

contract and squeeze contents into next haustra

Macronutrients

- carbohydrates

- proteins

- lipids

Micronutrients

- vitamins

- minerals

- phytochemicals

- antioxidants

- fiber

Phytochemicals

plant-based nutrient

Antioxidants

decrease production of free radicals that speed up aging process

Fiber

maintains digestive health

Digestive system definition

breaking down food into molecules small enough for absorption through cells lining its organs

Tubular system

- from mouth to anus

- provides extensive surface area in contact with the external environment of lumen

Digestive system is closely associated with the ________ _______ for transport of absorbed substances

cardiovascular system

Pathway of Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

Accessory digestive organs

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Digestive system functions

- Ingestion

- secretion

- Digestion (Mechanical and Chemical)

- Absorption

- Defecation

What are the mucosal layers of the GI tract?

- serosa

- muscular layer

- submucosa

- mucosa

Serosa layer of GI tract

- Epithelium and connective tissue

- protection and lubrication

- outside layer

Muscular layer of GI tract

- smooth muscles

- Two layers: inner longitudinal and outer circular layer

- movement of tube and its contents

Submucosa layer of GI tract

- loose connective tissue, lymphatics, and nerves

- nourishes surrounding tissues and transports absorbed materials

Mucosa layer of GI tract

- epithelium and connective tissue

- protection, secretion, absorption

What is the peritoneum?

largest serous membrane in the body

- Two parts: visceral and parietal

parietal peritoneum

lines the abdominopelvic cavity

visceral peritoneum

covers organs

Peritoneal cavity contains _____ _____ between two serous membranes

serous fluid

retroperitoneal organs

- organs outside of peritoneal cavity

- kidneys and pancreas

Roof of peritoneum

diaphragm

Anterior of peritoneum

rectus abdominus and anterior abdomen wall

Are there organs in the peritoneal cavity?

no, only peritoneal fluid

Lesser Omentum

- from liver to stomach

Greater omentum

Mesentary

attaches intestines to the posterior abdominal wall and is formed by the double peritoneum

The ______ ______ holds food and is responsible for the first steps in digestion

oral cavity

Anterior oral cavity

- oral orifice

- lips

Orbicular oris

muscle inside lips

Posterior oral cavity

oropharynx (throat)

Superior oral cavity

- hard palate

- soft palate

Hard palate

forms rigid surface for the tongue to force food against during chewing

Soft palate

closes off nasopharynx during swallowing

Inferior oral cavity

tongue

lingual frenulum

anchors tongue to floor of mouth

Uvula

Epiglottis

covers larynx during swallowing

Lingual tonsil anatomy

(Circum)vallate papillae anatomy

Filiform papillae anatomy

Foliate papillae anatomy

"leaf like"

fungiform papillae

"mushrooms"

Traditional ideas of a taste map are _________

incorrect

What are the names of teeth?

incisors, canines, premolars, molars

Tooth Anatomy

enamel, dentin, pulp, Root canal, and cementum

How many teeth do adults have?

- 32

- 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars

How many teeth do children have?

- 20

- 2 incisors, 1 canine, 0 premolars, 2 molars

Function of salivary glands

produce saliva through ducts (exocrine) autonomically

What are the salivary glands?

parotid, sublingual, submandibular

Functions of saliva

- moisten food

- dissolve food

- begin chemical digestion of carbohydrates with salivary amylase

- pH, antibodies, and lysozymes are also important

Salivary amylase

- critical for dissolving sugar

- digestion of starches to disaccharides

mechanical digestion

- mastication

- forming bolus, portions easy to follow

Chemical digestion

salivary amylase and lingual lipase

Lingual lipase

triglycerides into fatty acids and diglycerides once it reaches acidic environment of stomach

Does oropharynx have smooth muscle?

no, only skeletal muscle

Does laryngopharynx have smooth muscle?

inferior part is smooth

deglutition

swallowing

Skeletal muscle contractions in the oral cavity help do what?

help propel food to the esophagus

Peristalsis

contraction of smooth muscles

What is the esophagus?

smooth muscle tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach

upper esophageal sphincter

food movement from pharynx to esophagus

lower esophageal sphincter

- food movement from esophagus to stomach

- prevents regurgitation of acidic stomach contents

Esophageal hiatus

opening in the diaphragm

Why is mucus secreted in the esophagus?

lubrication

stages of deglutition

oral, pharyngeal, esophageal

oral stage of deglutition

movement of bolus by tongue, upward and backwards against palate

pharyngeal stage of deglutition

- uvula and soft palate move upward

- epiglottis covers larync

- upper esophageal sphincter relaxes

esophageal stage of deglutition

- peristalis contractions of smooth muscle

- lower esophageal sphincter relaxes

I 8

10 E

A 12

- I 8 10 Eggs At 12

- Inferior vena cana (T8)

- Esophagus (T10)

- Aorta (T12)

What is the junction between the esophagus and stomach?

- esophageal hiatus

- gastroesophageal junction

What does the gastroesophageal junction do?

keeps the esophagus closed until swallowing occurs

The _______ connects the esophagus to duodenum

stomach

Duodenum

first part of the small intestine

fundus anatomy

lesser curvature anatomy

greater curvature anatomy

pylorus anatomy

pyloric sphincter anatomy

body of stomach anatomy

Longitudinal muscles of stomach

circular muscles of stomach

oblique muscles of stomach

Main function of stomach

- enzymatic digestion of food

- mechanical digestion (rugae)

- immune defense (ph)

Rugae anatomy

waves of stomach

gastric pits of stomach

exocrine ducts from gastric glands that lead to the stomach lumen

Surface mucous cell

secrete bicarbonate rich mucus

Mucous neck cell

secretes mucus

Parietal cells of stomach

- secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

- absorbs B12

- "peach like cells"

Chief cells of stomach

secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

- pink with dots towards inner stomach

Pepsinogen

protein digestion