NCM 111 MIDTERMS

Research Terminologies

evidence-based practice (EBP)

evidence-based practice (EBP)

a problem-solving approach to making clinical decisions, using the best evidence available; blends both science and art of nursing so best outcomes are achieved; may consist of specific nursing interventions or use guidelines established for the care of patients

Research

systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding of the world in general and of phenomenon under study in particular

it involves inductive and deductive methods

nursing research

encompasses both research to improve the care of people in the clinical setting and to study people and the nursing profession, including education, policy development, ethics, and nursing history

basic research

expanding knowledge and understanding fundamental principles. it is directed toward greater knowledge of understanding fundamental aspects of phenomena.

basic research

also called "fundamental research" which is focused on improving the undersanding of a particular phenomena

applied research

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems, challenges, or real-world masses. it is often conducted in collaboration with industry, government, or non-profit organization to address practical problems

Quantitative Research

research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical form

Qualitative Research

The investigation of phenomena, typically in an in-depth and holistic fashion, through the collection of rich narrative materials using a flexible research design.

Exploratory Research

researcher attempts to get deeper comprehension of the phenomenon

Explanatory Research

seeks to identify causes and effects of social phenomena and to predict how one phenomenon will change or vary in response to variation in some other phenomenon

Experimental Research

gathering primary data by selecting matched groups of subjects, giving them different treatments, controlling related factors, and checking for differences in group responses

non-experimental research

research that lacks the manipulation of an independent variable, random assignment of participants to conditions or orders of conditions, or both

cross-sectional study

research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

quasi-experimental

lacks one of the components of experimental design, i.e., randomization, control group, or manipulation of one or more variables

probability sampling

selection of sample from a population. it is based on randomization, meaning random selection or equal chance for all samples to get chosen

simple random sample

every member of the population has a known and equal chance of selection

stratified random sampling

A form of probability sampling; a random sampling technique in which the researcher identifies particular demographic categories of interest and then randomly selects individuals within each category

proportionate stratified sampling

sampling method in which elements are selected from strata in exact proportion to their representation in the population

disproportionate stratified sampling

Sampling in which elements are selected from strata in different proportions from those that appear in the population

cluster sampling

technique where researchers divide the population into multiple groups for research

non-probability sampling

a sampling technique in which there is no way to calculate the likelihood that a specific element of the population being studied will be chosen

convenience sampling

choosing individuals who are easiest to reach - based on their accessibility and availability

quota

a non-probability sampling which researchers choose individuals according to specific traits or qualities

purposive sampling

a biased sampling technique in which only certain kinds of people are included in a sample

units are selected "on purpose" which are best suited for research

snowball/network sampling

a non-random sample in which selection is based on connections in a pre-existing network.

Validity

defines how accurately a method measures something

Reliability

measure of stability and consistency of test scores

Dependability

measure of extent to which a research study could be repeated by a seperate researcher and reveal the same findings

Generalizability

a measure of how useful the results of a study are for a broader group of people or situations

Transferability

the result of qualitative researc can be generalized or transferred to other contexts or settings

Confirmability

the extent to which the qualitative research report is accurate, unbiased, and can be confirmed by others

Beneficence

Doing good or causing good to be done; kindly action

Respect for human dignity

guides individuals, societies, and institutions to treat one anohter with fairness, compassion, and understanding

Justice and Fairness

the quality of being just; righteousness, equitableness, or moral rightness

Honesty

In research, it means being truthful and transparant througout the entire research process, even if the information presented is unpleasant

informed consent

the goal is for individuals to engage research freely (voluntarily) after recieving complete information about what it means for them to participate

Qualitative research design

a research design that involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data such as texts, audios, and videos to understand concepts, ipinions, and experiences

Case study

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

it allows exploration of scientific interest and provdes understanding in real life context

Records Review

a research that uses existing data and records, it is not a spceific design and no new data are gathered to gather information for a specific study

Qualitative Obsevation

an act of gathering information for research through subjective methods, which relies on five senses: taste, sight, hearing, touch, and smell

Surveys

A type of qualitative observation which involves getting feedback from a group of people. It focuses on people's say and opinion

Interviews

A type of qualitative observation which researchers ask direct and in-depth open ended questions to people related to their sutdy. Researchers pay attention to how consistent and detailed the responses.

Case studies

A type of qualitative data which concentrates of specific individuals, situation, or problems.

Direct Observation

It is a technique for gathering evaluation data in which the evaluator observes the subject in their usual environment without altering it

ethnographic research

the study of human behavior in its natural context; involves observation of behavior and physical setting. it helps understand how and why people behave differently in different societies and cultures.

Narrative research design

a form of research that focuses on the stories told by research participants, with special recognition that each story is couched within a unique frame of meaning created by the participant telling the story

phenomenological research

explores the experiences of a specific group of people experiencing a similar event in their lives

Focus group

A small group of individuals who are led in discussion by a professional consultant in order to gather opinions on and responses to candidates and issues

One-on-one interview

a research method in which the interviewer meets with one respnondent at a time to ask questions

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

specific conditions that determine what evidence is retained and which evidence is discarded

experimental research

gathering primary data by selecting matched groups of subjects, giving them different treatments, controlling related factors, and checking for differences in group responses

pre-experimental research

a research design in which a single group is compared before and after an intervention. it is a variation of experimental design that lacks the rigor or experiments and is often used before a true experiment is conducted

true experimental

it aids in analysis of the cause-and-effect correlations betweem the variables under investigation. it minimizes existing inequality between groups by selecting or allocation group members at random

quasi experimental

a type of quantitative research that shares similarities with experimental designs but lacks full control over all variables, often due to ethical or practical constraints

casual comparative

aka "ex post facto" research, a type of non-experimental research design used in the field of social sciences and education.

retrospective casual comparative

a type of quantitative casual comparative research where the researchers attempts to find put whether or not a variable influences another variable

Prospective casual comparative

a quantitaive research which the researchers propoes or postualtes the research problem or the research questions before the effect is caused by the independent variable has occured.

Correlational research design

used in order to determine the strength of the association between two or more variables. it analyzes correlations between variables without the researcher altering or manipulating any of them

Positive correlational

a type of correlational research in which there is a positive relationship between 2 variables

Negative correlational

a type of correlational research in which if there is an increase in one variable, the second variable will show a decrease and vice versa

No correlation

a type of correlational research in which there is no relationship between data sets. if you change one variable, there may not nessecarility be a change in another variable

Structured research instrument

a type of research instrument where it adheres to a set format with standardized items

Unstructured research instrument

aka non-directive interviewing

survey research instrument

another primary data collection method that involves asking a group of people for their opinions on a topic.

content validity

a type of validity which evaluates how well an instrument (or a test) covers all relevant parts of the construct (concept, idea, or theme) it aims to measure.

construct validity

a type of validity which determine if the results measure its claims

criterion validity

a type ofvalidity the describes the extent to which a measure is related to an outcome

test-retest reliability

a type of reliability which uses a method for determining the reliability of a test by comparing a test taker's scores on the same test taken on separate occasions

internal consistency reliability

a type of reliability that defines the "consistency" of the results. It makes sure the results that came from the test provide consistent and precise answers that align with the research construct.

inter-rater reliability

a type of reliability which is often-referred to as inter-observer reliablity, whereas it is a meaure used in research, assessments, and observations to gauge the consistency or agreement among different raters or observers when evaluating the same data, behavior, or phenomenon.

action research

research method that aims to investigate and solve an issue simultaneously. It is often used in social sciences, particularly in educational settings. The general goal is to make a simple, practical, repeatable process of iterative learning, evaluation, and improvement that leads to better results.

triangulation

the use of multiple research methods as a way of producing more reliable empirical data than are available from any single method

phenomenological qualitative research

a thorough study of a particular phenomenon where the daily lives of the participants are investigated. This entails interpreting the participants' emotions, perceptions, and beliefs and subsequently connecting them to the theoretical framework of the phenomenon under investigation.

Grounded method

a qualitative research methodology that makes an effort to interpret social interactions, personal experiences, and social behaviors. The explanations are based on the individuals' own perceptions or justifications, in other words.

bracketing

process used in qualitative research, particularly in phenomenological and interpretive studies. It involves setting aside preconceived beliefs, biases, assumptions, and personal experiences that might influence the interpretation of the research topic.

Saturation point

the point in a research process where enough data has been collected to draw necessary conclusions, and any further data collection will not produce value-added insight

grounded theory

aims to construct a theoretical model that explains phenomena of interest, based on the direct experiences settings or groups of participants

it uses empirical data without preconceived theories, involves the development of new theories by collecting and analysis of data about a phenomenon

General qualitative inquiry

it has greater flexibility in terms of sample size and data collection procedures.

researcher can focus solely on interview or use multiple forms of data

literature

collection of scholarly writings on a topic

literature review

a thorough search through previously published studies relevant to a particular topic

predatory journals

journals that intentionally engage in deceitful and unethical practices that publish work that often fails to meet even the most basic standards of sound scientific research

referencing

a standardized method of formatting the information source the writer used in his/her work

analysis

process of breaking down data into smaller pieces

interpretation

process of explaining the pattern and trends

null hypothesis

claims that no relationship exists between two variables or data being analyzed

alternative hypothesis

same as your research hypothesis. it claims that you expect of hope will me true

directional hypotehsis

predicts the direction of the relationship between two variables

conceptual framework

a visual model that synthesize interrelated concepts and variables that aid i resolution of a specific issue