Cholesterol is measured after 30 minutes and absorbance is read at ____nm using pure cholesterol as the calibrator.
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chloroform
triglycerides are first extracted quantitatively with ____________ to remove water-soluble interfering substances, such as glucose and glycerol, from the serum.
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570
The absorbance of chromogen in the reaction for triglyceride determination is measured at _______nm
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Ultracentrifugation
Reference method for HDL cholesterol
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500
The absorbance measured of cholesterol in the visible portion of the spectrum, generally at about ____nm.
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micelles
Amphipathic lipids aggregate with bile acids and form _________
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Intraluminal Phase/Digestive Phase
Phase where dietary fats are modified both physically and chemically before absorption
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Cellular Phase/Absorptive Phase
Phase where digested material enters intestinal mucosal cells
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Triglycerides (Triacylglycerol)
Compose of 3 molecules of fatty acids and a molecule of glycerol (serves as backbone)
most prevalent glycerol esters encountered in the body
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Triglycerides
Main storage form of Lipid in man (found in adipose tissues)
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Cholesterol
is a sterol that has a tetracyclic perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene skeleton and contains one unsaturated carbon double bond and one primary alcohol, thus making it an amphipathic lipid
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Cholesterol
Not readily catabolize by most cell therefore does not serve as a source of fuel
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Esterified Cholesterol
approx. 60-70% of the total cholesterol of the body and is composed of cholesterol ring and a fatty acid
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Free Cholesterol
approx. 30- 40% of the cholesterol in the body.
cholesterol ring only and no fatty acids
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ATP binding cassette transporter G5/G8
Absorption of cholesterol and phytosterols is limited by the presence of a sterol efflux transporter called the______________________
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Phospholipids
Structurally similar to triglyceride except that it is composed of 2 fatty acids and a phospholipid head group is attached to the glycerol backbone instead of 3 fatty acids
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Phospholipids
Can be found in the lungs as surfactant during respiration
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lysophospholipid
A phospholipid that has lost one of its O-acyl groups is called a _____________
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70%- 75%
Phosphatidylcholine percentage
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18%-20%
Sphingomyelin percentage
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4%- 9%
Lysosphosphatidylcholine percentage
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3%- 6%
Phosphatidylserine percentage
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Fatty Acids
Building blocks of lipids and a hydrocarbon chain with terminal COOH group where labeling or carbon atoms takes place
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Saturated fatty acids
Fatty acids with no double bonds between carbons
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Unsaturated fatty acids
Fatty acid with double bonds usually in cis form
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Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Fatty acid that contain more than one double bond
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Lipoproteins
Transports lipids
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apolipoproteins
Lipoproteins contain one or more specific proteins, called _______________
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Chylomicron
Largest and lightest among the lipoproteins with the lowest density
Transporter of dietary lipids
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Chylomicron
80%-90% of triglyceride by weight
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Very Low Density Lipoproteins
Pre-beta lipoprotein
Assembled in the liver for energy needs and storage of fats
It transports endogenous triglycerides
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Low Density Lipoprotein
Also known as “bad cholesterol” - Contains mostly Apo B-100 and its measurement can serve as a surrogate for LDL particle concentration
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Low Density Lipoprotein
Transports majority of 75% of the
cholesterol from liver to the cells
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directly
LDL is ________proportional to the risk of atherosclerosis
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inversely
HDL is _____________inversely proportional to the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease
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High Density Lipoprotein
Smallest and heaviest among lipoproteins
Also known as “good cholesterol”
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High Density Lipoprotein
Fastest towards the anode; aka alpha lipoprotein
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Apo A-1
The major protein of HDL is the _______
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HDL
Responsible for reverse cholesterol transport (cells to the liver)
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Intermediate Density Lipoprotein
Formed through the metabolism of VLDL in the circulation
The lipid content, size, and density of IDL are intermediate between VLDL and LDL
The concentrations of IDL contributes to the development of coronary heart disease
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Lp (a)
\-Also known as the sinking pre-beta lipoprotein
Found in the LDL density range in ultracentrifigation but moves in the pre-beta region during electrophoresis
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Beta VLDL
also known as the floating beta lipoprotein
Richer in cholesterol than triglyceride
Found the VLDL density range but migrates electrophoretically with or near LDL
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Beta VLDL
Seen in patients with type III hyperlipoproteinemia
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LpX
Abnormal lipoprotein that is rich in lipids primarily unesterified cholesterol and phospholipid
Migrates towards the cathode during agar electrophoresis
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LpX
Found in patients with obstructive biliary disease; regurgitation of biliary contents in the bloodstream which results in the build- up of LpX.
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Electrophoresis (Fredrickson- Levy reaction)
Separates lipoproteins based on their electric charge
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Sudan Black B
Oil Red O
Fat red 7B
Stains for lipoproteins
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Ultracentrifugation
Separates lipoproteins based on their densities and it is the reference method for lipoprotein analysis
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Immunochemical methods
Use of antibody directed towards specific apolipoproteins (anti-apoA1, anti-apoC, etc.)
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SVEDBERG unit
Unit of sedimentation rate
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Organic Solvent
Reagent in Extraction Method of Triglyceride Analysis
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Acetic anhydride + Sulfuric acid
Reagent in
Liebermann- Burchard Reaction
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Sulfuric acid + Ferric iron
Reagent in
Salkowski reaction
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Cholestedieny l monosulfonic acid
End product in Liebermann- Burchard Reaction
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Cholestedieny l disulfonic acid
End product in Salkowski reaction
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Green (not stable)
End color in Liebermann- Burchard Reaction
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Red (stable)
End color in Salkowski reaction
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Zlatkis, Zak & Boyle
free cholesterol and cholesteryl ester is a problem in the method.
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Carr & Drekter
Chromogen interference and color differences between free cholesterol and cholesteryl ester are problems in a method; protein interference removed
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Abell
Protein interference removed; color differences between free cholesterol and cholesteryl ester is removed. Chromogen interference partially removed.
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Schoenheimer/ Sperry
Protein and chromogen interference were removed; color differences between free cholesterol and cholesteryl ester is removed.
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VLDL
plasma sample that remains turbid after standing overnight indicates increased _____
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10x75mm
2mL of plasma is placed in ______ test tube and allowed to stand in the refrigerator at 4oC undisturbed overnight.
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LDL=total cholesterol–HDL– (triglycerides/5)
LDL formula
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TAG/5
is used if the unit used is mg/dL
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TAG/2.175
is used if the unit used is mmol/L
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Phospholipase D
Phospholipid is hydrolyzed using phospholipase D into Choline
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Choline oxidase
Choline is oxidized into betaine and hydrogen peroxidase
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Peroxidase
hydrogen peroxidase is mixed with phenol and 4-aminoantipyrine to form quinonimine dye (measured at 500nm)
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Arteriosclerosis
general term for thickening and hardening of arteries (hard arteries)
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Atherosclerosis
a type of arteriosclerosis caused by plaques that build up inside the arteries; involves large and medium-sized arteries
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Coronary Heart Disease
Refers to the broad spectrum of heart disease resulting from impaired coronary blood flow.
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Analphalipoproteinemia
Also known as “Tangier Disease”
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Analphalipoproteinemia
Also known as “Tangier Disease”
A rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by complete absence of HL due to mutation in the ABCA1 gene on chromosome 9.
Leads to an inability to effectively cholesterol and phospholipids from within the cell into nascent apoA1 proteins in plasma.
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Abetalipoproteinemia
Also known as “Bassen-kornzweig Syndrome”
\
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apoB (B48 and B100)
Abetalipoproteinemia is a deficiency of _____
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Type I
Creamy layer on clear plasma
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Type I
Extremely elevated TG due to the presence of chylomicrons
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Type IIa
Clear
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Type IIa
Elevated LDL
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IIb
Elevated LDL and VLDL
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III
Elevated Cholestero l Tg: Presence of B- VLDL
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Type IV
Elevated VLDL
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Type IV
Clear or Turbid
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Type V
Elevated VLDL and presence of chylomicrons
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Type V
Creamy layer on turbid plasma
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Fabry’s disease
Alpha galactosidase is deficient in
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GM-1 gangliosidosis
Beta galactosidase is deficient in
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Gaucher
Beta glucosidase is deficient in
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Niemann Pick
Sphingomyelinase is deficient in
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Metachromatic
leukodystrophy
Arylsulfatase A is deficient in
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Sandhoff
Total hexosaminidase (hexosaminidase A and B) is deficient in
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