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Solubility of solids with temperature
Generally increases with temperature, but some solids may decrease in solubility.
Dissolving rates of solids
Higher temperatures result in faster dissolving rates for solids.
Sodium sulfate solubility behavior
Exhibits decreased solubility with increased temperature.
Gas solubility trend in water
Typically decreases with increasing temperature.
Thermal pollution effect
Warmer water holds less oxygen, impacting aquatic life.
Chemical reaction for bicarbonate ions formation
CO₃²⁻(aq) + CO₂(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ 2 HCO₃⁻(aq).
Reverse reaction when Ca²⁺ is heated
2 HCO₃⁻(aq) ⇌ Ca²⁺(aq) + H₂O(l) + CO₂(aq) + CO₃²⁻(aq).
Boiler scale
Insoluble calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) formed due to increased carbonate ion concentration.
Consequences of boiler scale
Reduces heat transfer efficiency and can lead to pipe blockages.
Effect of thermal pollution on aquatic life
Creates a warm upper layer in water that inhibits oxygen absorption.
Note 
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