Topic 1: Characteristics and classification of living organisms.

Movement

An action by an organism causing a change in position or place.

Respiration

Chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism.

Sensitivity

Ability to detect and respond to changes in the surrounding environment.

Growth

A permanent increase in size.

Reproduction

The processes that make more of the same kind of organism.

Excretion

The removal of waste products of metabolism from the organism.

Nutrition

The taking in of materials for energy, growth, and development.

Word formula for respiration

glucose + oxygen —> water + carbon dioxide

Chemical formula for respiration

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂→6CO₂+6H₂O + energy

Classification

Arranging organisms into groups.

What are the Five Kingdoms?

Animals, plants, fungi, prokaryotes, protoctista.

Name the groups organisms are split into.

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species.

Binomial system

An internationally agreed system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts showing the genus and species.

Species

A group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring.

Features of animals

• Cells have a nucleus.

• No cell wall.

• Multicellular.

• Get their food from another source (heterotroph).

• e.g. Lion

Features of plants

• Cells have a nucleus.

• Cell wall (made from cellulose).

• Multicellular.

• Makes its own food (autotroph).

• e.g. Geranium

Features of fungi

• Cells have a nucleus.

• Cell wall (made from chitin).

• Unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (mushrooms and moulds).

Features of protoctista

• Cells have a nucleus.

• No cell wall.

• Unicellular or simple multicellular.

• e.g. Amoeba.

Features of prokaryotes

• Cells have no nucleus.

• Cell wall (made of murein).

• Unicellular.

• e.g. Salmonella.

All of the vertebrate groups

Mammals, amphibians, birds, reptiles, and fish.

Features of fish

• Streamlined

• Fins

• Moist scales

• Live entire life in water

• Lay jelly eggs with no hard cover in water.

• Cold-blooded.

Features of amphibians

• Smooth moist skin

• External eardrums.

• Lays jelly eggs in water.

• Young spend life in water with gills then develop lungs and lose the gills.

• Webbed feet.

• Absorb oxygen through skin + lungs.

• Cold-blooded.

Features of reptiles

• Internal ears.

• Rough scaly skin.

• Lays eggs with a rubbery cover on land.

• Cold-blooded

Features of birds

• Warm-blooded

• Wings

• Feathers

• Beak

• Scaly legs

• Lays eggs with a hard cover on land.

Features of mammals

• Give birth to live young.

• Have mammary glands.

• Young feed on milk from mother.

• Fur.

• External ears.

• Warm-blooded.

What are the four features which all arthropod classes share?

Jointed legs, segmented body, bilateral symmetry, and an exoskeleton.

Features of insects

3 pairs of legs, 3 body segments, most have 2 pairs of wings, 1 pair of antennae, and compound eyes.

Features of arachnids

4 pairs of legs, 2 body segments, don’t have antennae, simple eyes, and don’t have wings.

Features of myriapods

Many pairs of legs, many body segments, don’t have antennae, simple eyes, and don’t have wings.

Difference between centipedes and millipedes?

Millipedes have 2 pairs of legs per body segment while centipedes have 1 pair per body segment.

Features of crustanceans

5-10 pairs of legs, 2 body segments, 2 pairs of antennae, compound eye, and don’t have wings.

Features of ferns

Reproduce using spore produced under the fronds (leaves), develops an underground stem (rhizome).

What are the two types of flowering plants (angiosperms)?

Monocots and dicots.

Difference between seeds in monocots and dicots

Monocot seeds store one food store while dicot seeds store two food stores.

Difference between leaves in monocots and dicots

Monocot seeds produce one leaf while dicot seeds produce two.

Difference between leaf veins in monocots and dicots

In monocots the leaves are long and narrow with parallel veins while dicots have broad leaves which branch like veins.