Ap Human Geo Unit 5 vocab quiz 1

Agribusiness

The set of economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes

agriculture

The raising of animals or the growing of crops on tended land to obtain food for primary consumption by a farmer's family or for sale off the farm.

Commercial Agriculture

A form of agriculture undertaken in order to generate products for sale off of the farm in order to make a profit.

crop

Grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season.

Cop rotation

a system developed during the Second Agricultural Revolution in order to preserve the mineral health of soil used in agriculture and prevents patches of land from being exhausted.

Desertification

the process by which previously fertile lands become arid and unusable for farming.

Double cropping

The growing of two crops per growing season to double the harvest.

Extensive Agriculture

An agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area.

Extensive Commercial Agriculture

a system focused on profit, using vast amounts of land with low inputs of labor, capital, and machinery to produce crops and livestock for sale in distant markets.

extensive subsistence agriculture

any agricultural economy in which the crops and/or animals are used nearly exclusively for local or family consumption on large areas of land and minimal labor input per acre. Fallow.

Grain Farming

The mass planting of grain crops such as wheat, barley, and millet.

Green Revolution

The development of higher-yield and fast-growing crops through increased technology, pesticides, and fertilizers transferred from the developed to developing world to alleviate the problem of food supply in those regions of the globe.

Horticulture

The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

intensive agriculture

uses much labor and capital to increase productivity per unit of land.

Intensive Commercial Agriculture

a type of farming practice that utilizes a small amount of land to produce a high yield of crops, often with the use of advanced technology and significant capital investment, primarily aimed at generating products for sale in the market

intensive subsistence agriculture

A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum yield from a piece of land.

Milkshed

an area surrounding the milk source (dairy farm) where milk is supplied without spoiling.

Mediterranean agriculture

a type of farming practiced in regions with a Mediterranean climate, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters, typically cultivating crops like grapes, olives, and citrus fruits that thrive in such conditions

market gardening

The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers.

mixed crop and livestock farming

Both animal and crops are farmed in the same area

Pastoral Nomadism

a way of life of peoples who do not live continually in the same place but move cyclically or periodically.

Plantation

a large-scale commercial farm that focuses on producing a single cash crop, like sugar, coffee, or cotton, usually located in tropical climates and often relying on a large workforce to cultivate and harvest the crop

Prime Agricultural Land

the most productive farmland, meaning land with the best combination of physical and chemical characteristics for producing crops and livestock feed, making it highly suitable for agriculture

Ranching

a type of commercial farming in which the livestock (usually cattle) is allowed to roam over an established area.

Reaper

A machine that cuts grain standing in the field.

Ridge Tillage

system of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation.

Seed Agriculture

reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that result from sexual fertilization.

Shifting Cultivation

the practice of farming by clearing land for farming by slashing vegetation and burning debris

slash and burn agriculture

burning a portion of forest so that the soil there can be used for agricultural purposes

Subsistence Agriculture

a farming practice where farmers produce food primarily for their own consumption and their family's needs, focusing on growing enough to survive

sustainable agriculture

farming practices that aim to maintain long-term productivity of land by minimizing environmental damage through methods like crop rotation, reduced pesticide and fertilizer use, and preserving soil health, ensuring future generations can continue to utilize the land effectively

Threshed

To beat out grain from stalks by trampling it.

Transhumance

the seasonal movement of livestock (herding) between mountains and lowland pastures.

Transnational Corporation

A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.

truck farming

a type of commercial agriculture that involves growing fruits and vegetables for sale in nearby markets

Vegetative Planting

the reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants.

Wet rice

Practice of planting rice on dry land or in a nursery and then moving seeding to flooded fields to grow

Winter Wheat

a type of wheat crop that is planted in the late fall that stops growing during the winter before resuming growing in the spring.

Spring Wheat

Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer

Value-added crops

agricultural products that have undergone processing or additional steps to increase their market value beyond their raw state, often through packaging, branding, or the addition of other ingredients, resulting in a higher selling price compared to the basic commodity crop.

Value-added Farming

agricultural practices where farmers enhance the value of their raw products by processing, packaging, or marketing them in a way that increases their price beyond the basic commodity

Vertical Farms

the practice of growing crops in stacked layers, either vertically or horizontally, to maximize crop yield per unit of land area like inside stackable trays, using greenhouses, artificial lights, and hydroponics.

Vertical Integration

a business strategy where a company owns or controls multiple stages of the production process for a product, essentially taking ownership of different parts of its supply chain

Von Thunen Model

a predictive theory in human geography that predicts humans will use land in relation to the cost of land and the cost of transporting products to market.