WORLD OF THE HERO

B1

- Agamemnon refuses to give Chryseis to Chryses, so Apollo plagues the Greeks for 10 days

- Agamemnon returns Chryseis, taking Briseis instead

- angered, Achilles wants to kill Agamemnon, but instead withdraws the Myrmidons from the war

- Nestor fails to reconcile them

- Thetis asks Zeus to make the Greeks lose, infuriating Hera

- Hephaestus successfully reconciles them

B3

- Hector argues with and blames Paris for the war, but Paris blames it on Aphrodite

- Paris and Menelaus' duel for Helen, land, and solemn oaths of friendship

- teichoscopia: Helen identifies Agamemnon, Ajax, and Idomeneus

- during the duel, Aphrodite removes Paris as he is clearly losing

- Aphrodite forces Helen to sleep with him

B4

- Zeus provokes Hera, so she offers to destroy one of her favourite cities for Troy

- Hera and Athena organise Pandarus to shoot Menelaus and break the oath (Athena deflects it to only injure him)

- Agamemnon's review of the army: Idomeneus is praised, Odysseus is called lazy, Diomedes is compared to his father as worse

B6

- persuasive speeches to Hector: Hecabe offers wine, Helen offers to sit, Andromache worries for Astyanax and gives tactical advice

- Hector recounts the heroic code

- Diomedes and Glaucus meet in battle and exchange armour

B9

- embassy to Achilles: Agamemnon offers Briseis and gifts, Odysseus offers material gifts and honour, Phoenix compares him to the myth of Meleagros, Ajax gives up on him, Nestor says he is no longer celebrated and Olympian-born

- Achilles disregards the heroic code and says he will fight when he wants to

B10

- Greek council: Nestor suggests spying, and Diomedes and Odysseus volunteer

Trojan council: Hector suggests Dolon to get information

- Diomedes and Odysseus milk Dolon of information then kill him

- at the Thracian camp, they kill sleeping men and their king Rhesus

B16

- Patroclus begs Achilles for his armour, who agrees and prays to Zeus that he will return with the ships (who will only grant one)

- Patroclus' aristeia: kills Sarpedon, making Zeus decide to kill him

- disobeying Achilles, Patroclus pursues the retreating Trojans to their gates

- Apollo intervenes, defending him against Hector on 3 occasions, but then wounds him as he is tempting fate

- Hector kills Patroclus, who foretells Hector's fate

B17

- Hector promises 1/2 of the war's profits to any man who gets Patroclus' body so he can feed it to the dogs

- Zeus pities Hector, Apollo spurs him on

- Zeus gives strength to Automedon, Achilles' charioteer, who Hector fails to kill

- Athena, disguised as Phoenix, gives Menelaus strength, who eventually gets Patroclus' body

B18

- Antilochus tells Achilles of Patroclus' death

- he mourns so loudly Thetis hears and vows to kill Hector despite his dual fate

- Thetis begs Hephaestus to make him new armour and a shield

- Achilles' war cry allows them to safely retrieve Patroclus' body

- Trojan assembly: Polydamas urges retreat, Hector wants an assault, which is agreed as they are robbed of wits by Athena

- ekphrasis: shield has constellations, life scenes, et.c.

B19

- Thetis presents armour and promises to stop Patroclus from rotting

- Achilles reconciles with Agamemnon, wishes Briseis had died, and Agamemnon says he was deluded like Zeus by Hercules

- Odysseus tries to persuade Achilles to eat but he won't

- moved by the mourning, Zeus fills their stomachs with nectar and ambrosia

- Achilles' arming scene

- Achilles tells off the horses Xanthos and Charger for leaving Patroclus, who say it was the will of the gods

B22

- persuasive speeches to Hector: Priam says he's no match, Hecabe shows breasts

- Hector feels he must die a good death

- Achilles chases Hector around the city thrice, Athena (disguised as Deiphorbus) convinces him to stop running

- Zeus weighs the fates and decided to let Hector die

- knowing the weak points in his armour, Achilles kills him

- Achilles drags the body as Greeks stab it

- lamentation speeches: Priam wishes he'd died in the walls, Hecabe thinks dutifully, Andromache worries for Astyanax

B23

- Achilles eats but refuses to wash

- Patroclus begs for funeral in a dream

- funeral pyre: 12 Trojan youths

- funeral games: Nestor gets prize for being too old to compete, Diomedes, Antilochus, and Menelaus argue over a foul, Achilles gives prizes when complimented

B24

- angered at the treatment of Hector, Zeus tells Achilles to ransom the body to Priam

- Hermes, disguised as a Myrmidon, guides Priam

- the ransom succeeds but Achilles snaps at him

- funeral: Andromache, Helen, and Hecabe lament

B1

- angered, Juno gets Aeolus to shipwreck the Trojans on the coasts of Carthage

- Neptune scolds Aeolus and calms the seas

- Venus, disguised as a huntress, guides them to Dido, shrouding Aeneas in a mist

- Eros, disguised as Ascanius, made Dido fall for Aeneas

B2

- the Greeks pretend to have given up, leaving the horse as an offering to Minerva

- Sinon tells a lie about the cruelty of the Greeks, telling them to take the horse inside

- suspicious, Laocoon threw an arrow inside, but the gods blinded the Trojans of the cries

- infuriated, Minerva sends serpents to kill him and his sons

- Aeneas woke from a dream of Hector urging him to escape

- Coroebus threw himself to death after Cassandra was stolen

- Neoptolemus kills Priam and his son

- Aeneas leads the Trojans away, but loses Creusa, who's ghost reinforces Hector's prophecy

B4

- Dido tells Anna of her vow to Sychaeus, they make sacrifices to allow her to remarry

- Juno and Venus create a storm, forcing Dido and Aeneas into their marriage cave

- they had a public relationship, putting building works on hold

- Iarbus prays to Jupiter, who sends Mercury to urge Aeneas to fulfill his fate

- rumours that Aeneas would leave in the night descend Dido into madness, declaring Rome and Carthage enemies, and killing herself

B6

- at Cumae, Aeneas meets the Sibyl, who helps him get to Dis

- they give a golden branch to Charon to pass the river Acheron

- Dido ignores him for Sychaeus

- Anchises greets him, answers his questions about the dead, and describes the parade of Roman heroes

B7

- the Trojans reach Latium, Ascanius jokes about eating tables, they know it is the promised land

- Latinus greets them warmly as an oracle says Aeneas will marry Lavinia

- Juno sends Alecto to infect Amata and Turnus, and shoot one of the Latin's pets

- despite Latinus' wishes, they declare war

B8

- Tibernius tells Aeneas to make allies with the Arcadians

- Evander gladly offers aid against their common enemy, telling Aeneas to teach Pallas

- Hercules' rites are performed as he killed monster Cacus

- Venus asks Vulcan to make Aeneas new weapons and armour

- Ekphrasis: Romulus and Remus, Caesar, Augustus, Antony and Cleopatra, etc.

B9

- Juno sends Iris to inform Turnus of the Trojan's location as Aeneas is away

- Turnus tries to set fire to their ships, but they turn to sea nymphs due to an old blessing

- Nisus and Euryalus volunteer to contact Aeneas, killing the Rutulians and taking their amour

- enemies saw the helmet shine and kill them

- at the Latin attack, Ascanius fires his first arrow

- Turnus gets into the walls and has an aristeia but is outnumbered and escapes via the Tiber

B10

- council of the gods: Jupiter wants them to stop interfering, Venus wants to sacrifice the Trojans as long as Ascanius lives, Juno says Aeneas is the real problem, they decide to let fate prevail

- Aeneas returns with a fleet of Tuscans

- Turnus challenges Pallas alone and kills him

- Aeneas reacts with a brutal aristeia, killing even those begging to be spared

- Juno sees the battle is lost and spares Turnus

- Mezentius gives a good defence but loses heart when Aeneas kills his son Lausus, dying himself

B11

- Aeneas mourns over Pallas and sends 1000 men to escort his body to Evander

- 12-day truce to honour burial rites

- Latinus' council: Latinus wants a peace offering to avoid bloodshell and fulfill the oracle, Drances blames the war on Turnus and agrees, Turnus wants to defend Lavinia and his land

- Camilla kills many Trojans until Arruns catches her distracted and kills her, so Diana sends Opis to kill him

B12

- Turnus decides for a duel but Latinus and Amata protest

- Juturna, disguised as Camers, breaks the treaty

- the armies fight back and forth

- Amata kills herself

- Turnus calls for the original dual, armed with a sword from Juturna

- Jupiter gets Juno to abandon her grudge in return for the Trojans to take on the name of the Latins

- Jupiter sends a Fury to weaken Turnus, he begs for mercy but seeing Pallas' belt, Aeneas kills him

principle of stoicism

universe is fundamentally rational and ordered

things are good, bad, or irrelevant

stoicism is associated with what

hyper masculinity and pietas

order in the aeneid is ensured by

Jupiter

polarities in the aeneid

male vs female

rational vs irrational

piteas v furor

poem is divided into two halves

furor of dido and furor of turnus

aeneas as a stoic ideal

B2 - helps family and others escape Troy

B2 - hides true feelings for the sake of his men

priorities pietas over personal desires

to a stoic, both love and hate are

equal in straying from the path of reason

eg. dido and turnus

fate >

will of the gods > will of mortals

what can come between fate and the will of the gods

delays

eg. juno

what can come between the will of the gods and the will of mortals

irrationality

how does fate link aeneas to augustus

B1 - jupiter's speech to venus

B4 - show of heroes at dis

B8 - aeneas' shield

divine intervention/supernatural things reinforcing aeneas' fate

B2 - hector in a dream

B2 - creusa

B4 - mercury on behalf of jupiter

B7 - prophecy revealed by ascanius

eating tables = promised land

who is fated to die and why

B4 - dido to allow aeneas to leave carthage and find latium

B12 - turnus to move aeneas from homeric hero -> roman hero

religion in rome

a daily affair

piety ensured good relations with the gods

impieties provoked wrath

necessary for societal and political order

the effects of prayers/sacrifices/rituals

gods may favour you and grant blessings

or may ignore you and send bad fortune for no reason

sacrilegious impieties in the poem

B2 - laocoon throwing a spear at the offering to minerva

divine intervention in the poem

B1 - neptune calming the seas

B2 - venus stops aeneas killing hector

B4 - juno and venus getting aeneas and dido married

B8 - vulcan's shield

B10 - juno's interference in final battles

define pietas

duty to the gods, the state, and family

define xenia

good hospitality

define amicitia

political relations and alliances (between families)

stereotypical roman woman

role determined by father/husband

vital skills: cooking, weaving, finances

names variants of father's

eg. lavinia

lavinia as a stereotypical woman

B7 - blushes

worthy, obedient, passive

women are only succesful and worthy when

they possess male qualities

eg. dido and camilla

stereotypical woman in the aeneid

emotional

furor

impulsive

easily influenced

feminine men

B2 - coroebus throws himself into death for cassandra

turnus (at the hands of allecto)

aeneas and anchises relationship

aeneas and ascanius relationship

hope for rome's future (both favoured by venus)

mentorship

B9 - ascanius leads while aeneas is away

evander and pallas relationship

fatherly love and protection

B2 - carries anchises from troy

B6 - goes to dis for advice

mezentius and lausus relationship

B10 - despite mezentius' evils, sacrifices himself for his son

laocoon and his sons relationship

protection and sacrifice

B2 - die together

aeneas, evander, and pallas relationship

adoption/mentorship

B8 - trusted by evander

B10 - lamenting and mourning over pallas

define pater

father

aeneas as a father

pater aenas - father of rome

fathers in rome

owner of property

authority over dependents - powers of life and death

power to even sell children into slavery

patricide

one of the greatest crimes, the ultimate evil

poena cullei (punishment of the sack)

how and from who did aeneas become the legitimate founder of rome

B2 - priam's death gave troy

B7 - latinus gave latium and the latins

B8 - evander gave pallenteum

virgil showing the costs of war

B4 and B12 - dido and turnus have to die

B9 - nisus and euryalus' deaths despite their bravery

B10 - pallas and lausus' death - young lives

war is negative

caused by allecto (evil)

looks forward to a time of peace with Augustus

heroes celebrated for trying to stop war in comparison to homeric hero

can create glory but is not glorious in itself

aeneas acts as a bridge between the

mythical past and roman future

what acts as a metaphor for starting/ending wars

the gates of war and strife

prophecies of war

B4 - punic wars

B6 - a foe equal to achilles

how is virgil biased towards war

fought at salamis - likely to show negatives

proud roman - likely to show patriotism

camilla as a leader of volscian warriors

good when acting as a man

B11 - not good when behaving womanly - causes her death

celibacy removes her from womanhood

mezentius as a leader of etruscan army

tyrannical leader

cold and heartless

B10 - yet loyal as gives own life for son

aeneas as a leader of trojans

main leader

sets standard - like augustus

virtuous yet morally complicated

B1 - puts his men before himself (hides feelings)

B2 - puts his family before himself (escaping troy)

B4 - puts the gods before himself (leaving dido)

dido as a leader of carthaginians

masculine traits (pious, stoic)

competent despite the loss of sychaeus

great control over people - bee simile

sacrifices leadership once subject to furor

latinus as a leader

good, peaceful king - xenia, pietas, piousness

diplomacy > war

good intentions fail to materialize under complicated circumstances

evander as a leader

stoic and humble, rejects lavishness

honours hercules and saturn (known to bring civilisation, linked to augustus' refounding of rome)

turnus as a leader

leadership contrasts aeneas - more of a homeric herp

similarity between dido, latinus, and evander

all doing something pious when aeneas met them

B1 - dido building temple

B7 - latinus in temple

B8 - evander overseeing hercules' rites

augustan propaganda: jupiter reassuring venus

B1 - augustus will be the one to bring a golden age of peace

augustan propaganda: anchises and aeneas at dis

B6 - augustus is a great conquerer and divinely sanctioned

augustan propaganda: shield of aenas by vulcan

B8 - battle of actium in the centre, augustus leading the Italians, Romans, and senate

what is the heroic code about

respecting and bringing honour to your family name

Glaucus on the heroic code (B6)

'to be the best and excel all others and never disgrace our forefathers'

Sarpedon on the heroic code (B12)

'death will come sooner or later, so a hero must fight bravely and die winning glory or give his opponent the glory'

what was Hector's reasons for going to fight (B6)

'I would feel nothing but shame before the Trojans'

Hector on the heroic code (B6)

'to be a good warrior, to take my place in the line and try to win glory for my father and myself'

attributes of the Homeric hero

mortal, physically larger, stronger, and more fit than most, undergoes an ordeal

how do Diomedes and Glaucus present the heroic code (B6)

by respecting their fathers' friendship (xenia), exchanging armour, and fighting together

how does Hector present the heroic code towards his men (B6)

driven by both duty and desire, he insists on fighting despite the persuasive speeches of Hecabe, Helen, and Andromache

how does Hector present the heroic code towards his family (B6)

he never fails to think of them in the pursuit of charma and thumos

what is Achilles' standpoint on the heroic code (B9)

he values his own life more, even going so far as encouraging the Greeks to return home

Achilles on the heroic code (B9)

he'll fight 'when his heart tells him to'

how do Diomedes and Odysseus go against the heroic code (B10)

mercilessly killed Dolon after torturing information from him and killed countless Thracians and leader Rhesus in their sleep

what can be said of Patroclus' heroism (B16)

he's more of a hero than Achilles, taking his armour and fighting in his place

how did Patroclus' heroism lead to his downfall

he tried to mirror Achilles with his aristeia, but didn't recognise his mortal limits

how does Achilles act heroically after Patroclus' death (B18)

vowing to kill Hector for killing Patroclus, emphasised by his dual fate, is heroic

example of Hector as the most heroic Trojan, equal to Achilles (B22)

he remains the only Trojan outside of the walls despite much persuasion against it

which act of Hector's can be described as unheroic (B22)

wanting to retrieve and heavily abuse Patroclus' body, ripping the Greeks of their funeral rites

what unheroic act is common to both Achilles and Hector (B22)

wanting to steal a dead body and abuse it

Achilles on Priam's bravery (B24)

'how could you bring yourself to come along to the Greek ships in the presence of a man who had killed so many of your fine sons? you must have a heart of iron'

how is Priam heroic in retrieving Hector's body (B24)

he risks his own life to personally ransom to Achilles for the burial rites of his son

how is Priam heroic in his behaviour towards Achilles (B24)

he wishes him well despite all the suffering he has caused

how does Homer peak human interest

extreme, graphic detail, presenting suffering in many forms, providing backstories before deaths, speeches and soliloquys

Reinhardt on the theme central to the epic

'from beginning to end a poem of death'