APUSH Unit 1

conquistadores

conquerors sent over from Iberian peninsula during 16th and 17th centuries to get gold, glory, and spread God; ruthless didn't bring women and families; would have intercourse with Indians therefore mestizos; easily conquered Indians bc military technology, non-unified indians, and disease; establish encomiendas

ex: Hernando Cortez (Aztecs) and Francisco Pizzaro (Incas)

encomiendas

land grants in Spanish America given in the sixteenth century by the Spanish kings to privileged landholders (encomenderos); gave the landholders legal control over native peoples who lived on or near the estates; brutal forced labor; abolished by Las Casa's New Laws

Bartolomé de Las Casas

Spanish priest who criticized how the conquistadors were treating the natives; wrote many books and letters on mistreatment and resulted in New Laws

New Laws

signed by Spanish king in 1542; abolished encomiendas and no more taking Indians as slaves; inspired by Bartolomé de Las Casas

Valladolid Debate

Concerned the treatment of natives of the New World. It concerned two main attitudes towards the conquest of the Americas. Bartolomé de las Casas argued Amerindians were creations of God and deserved same treatment as Christian Europeans. Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda thought that the natives should be slaves because of their crimes against nature and against God.

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

thought that the natives should be slaves because of their crimes against nature and against God; thought they were barbaric and inhuman; argued against Bartolomé de Las Casas in Valladolid Debate

Columbian Exchange

global diffusion of crops, peoples, and animals that led to a populate boom due to improved diets; Europe got potatoes, syphilis, corn; New World got horses, pigs, small pox and other European diseases

Popé and the Pueblo Revolt

in 1680 indians led by Popé rose up and killed 400 spaniards and forced 1500 colonists to flee to El Paso; destroyed churches and wanted to restore old way of life; eventually Spanish reassert control but agree with Pueblos do reduce amount of forced labor if adopt parts of Spanish culture (language, lineage, military alliances)

Virginia Company

granted all the lands stretching from present-day North Carolina to southern New York by James I in 1606; all men at first; established Jamestown; granted land to every freeman that settled there with imported servants; charter revoke in 1624

Peter Stuyvesant

governor of New Amsterdam during 1660's; ruled in authoritarian fashion; rejected the English Puritan's demands for representative government and alienated the colonies diverse Dutch, English, and Swedish residents; therefore people didn't resist when England invaded in 1664

John Rolfe

1610- 20's experimented with biology and produced a sweet tobacco based off of Carribean tobacco that saved the failing Jamestown colony; marries Pocahontas

Virginia House of Burgesses

1619; representative body to collect taxes from settlers to pay $ to joint-stock holders and the crown; important because it establishes idea that taxation is tied to representation

headright system

1620's in Jamestown; each settling man would get 50 acres plus 50 acres per head he brought over with him; turns society from young men searching for gold to families settling

Lord Baltimore

or Cecilius Calvert; Catholic aristocrat granted lands bordering the Chesapeake Bay by Charles I in 1632; had power to sell, lease, give away land as he pleased, appoint public officials and found churches; refuge for catholics; passed Toleration Act of 1649

Toleration Act of 1649

An initial reason Maryland was established was to provide refuge for Catholics who were persecuted in England. Lord Baltimore allowed freedom of worship originally, however, and many Protestants began to migrate into the region, threatening Catholic domination in the colony. The Toleration Act, while extending toleration to all Christians, was mainly to protect the rights of the Catholics, but non-Christians such as Jewish colonists did not receive any protections.

First Powhatan War (1610)

series of clashes between the Powhatan Confederacy and English settlers in Virginia; ended with a peace settlement sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to colonist John Rolfe

Second Powhatan War (1646)

the Indians were tired of the land-hungry whites and ravaged by European diseases and they struck back in 1622 by attacking the whites and killing 347 settlers dead, including John Rolfe; the Virginia Company called for a "perpetual war without peace or truce"; the English won and it ended in the peace treaty of 1646 that banished the Chesapeake indians from their homes and made separate settler and indian settlements

Navigation Acts (1651, 1660, 1663)

trade restrictions imposed on colonies by Parliament; only on English ships, only natural resources not manufactured goods; had to go to British ports first, limits what type they can export; stimulates american shipbuilding in New England where there was no arable land, but had timber and fishing industry

Governor William Berkeley

He was a British colonial governor of Virginia from 1642-52. corruption and appointing his friends led to Bacon's rebellion in 1676; fired and VA made royal colony after Bacon's rebellion

Bacon's rebellion

1676; led by Nathaniel Bacon; landless freemen settling on west have conflicts with natives and want them to be expelled; Gov. Berkeley doesn't want natives to leave because he wants their diplomatic relations and trade; rebels burn down Jamestown; fewer indentured servants; Berkely fired

indentured servants

people pay off ticket to new world with labor; ideally would be given land and whatever needed to get started, however would be given rocky, non-fertile land; poor health; allowed to die by owners; even if make it to freedom it's hard

Mayflower Compact

governing document drawn up by original Pilgrims who arrive at Plymouth in 1620; equal laws to represent will of the people

John Winthrop

1630 first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony after forced to leave England because of Puritan exodus; "city upon a hill" all puritan nothing else; originally and joint-stock company but have representative government with governor & church members only vote; preserve an purify Christian faith maybe one day go back to England

Thomas Hooker

minister in Massachusetts Bay colony; founds Hartford, Connecticut; wrote Fundamental Order of Connecticut,

Roger Williams

1636 Puritan dissident in Mass Bay; advocated separation of church & state and voiced his opinions; though idea of only church members can vote is bad because people would lie about their conversion experiences during public confession just to be a church member so they can vote; banished and founded Rhode Island with corporate charter in 1644 with no legally established church and freedom for Christian worship

Anne Hutchinson

1637; Puritan dissident in Mass Bay; no salvation through good deeds but by god's grace; would hold after-church socials to voice her ideas; also looked down on because Puritans believe men and women can be saved but gender equality stops there; tried and expelled and follows Roger Williams to Rhode Island

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

written by Thomas Hooker in 1639; the first written constitute; said you don't have to be a church member to vote

Halfway Covenant

children who hadn't had public confession of conversion experience but still had right to vote in Mass Bay colony because their parents had public confession of conversion experience; only vote in colonial affairs but not in church affairs

Metacom's War

1676 war launched by King Philip(Metacom, Massasoit's son) in response to the oppressive restrictions of the English; English win and native population lowers even more, praying towns are removed and indians are forced/move west; sam time as Bacon's rebellion

Wampanoag

Indian tribe neighbooring Pilgrims at Plymouth; friendly relations with Pilgrims at first and didn't see them as a threat; help the Pilgrims survive first winter and boom Thanksgiving (sorta) Massasoit and Edward Winslow are friends at first; relationships sour eventually and Metacom's war

New England Confederation

1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies.

William Penn and the Holy Experiment

Charles II owed land to Penn's father and gives William Penn a royal land grant; 'Holy Experiment' Quaker haven yet free practice of religion; small land grants; everyone is welcomed; influx of whole congregations who aren't welcomed in Europe flee to Pennsylvania; "best poor man's country"

Frame of Government

1682-83, Document provided to Pennsylvania colony by William Penn which guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners

Charter of Liberties

1701; created under "The Holy Experiment" by William Penn, this guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration

Sir Edmund Andros

1686, James II appointed Sir Edmund Andros to lead the Dominion of New England to oversee all of New England and later New York and East and West Jersey. Colonists despised Andros for his autocracy and allegiance to Anglican Church. Town meetings forbidden; all land titles revoked. Heavy restrictions on the courts, press, and schools.Taxed the people without consent of their representatives. Enforced unpopular Navigation Laws and suppressed smuggling. Smuggling became common and even honorable

Dominion of New England

(1686-1689): Administrative union created by royal authority and headed by Sir Edmund Andros, incorporating all of New England, New York, and East and West Jersey; curbed representative assemblies, taxed residents without their consent and strictly enforced Navigation Laws; mobs, collapse after the Glorious Revolution in England demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control

Glorious Revolution

1688 after catholic sympathizer King James II marries catholic bride and becomes father to a Catholic heir; parliament plans coup and invites James daughter, Mary and her husband William of Orange (Protestant Dutch) to be rulers of England if they accept documents such as the English Bill of Rights which limited the power of the monarch and gave more power to Parliament; inspired colonists to oppose DNE and fight for more rule by their representative bodies

Leisler's Rebellion

1689; inspired by Glorious Revolution the colonists of New York rebelled and made Jacob Leisler, a militia officer, governor of New York. Leisler was hanged for treason when royal authority was reinstated in 1691, but the representative assembly which he founded remained part of the government of New York.

Stono Rebellion

1739; slaves in SC obtain guns and kill owners and march towards Spanish Florida stopping at other plantations on the way; 20 whites killed; eventually stopped, 40 rebels killed and rest beheaded; result: fearful white plantation owners establish strict slave codes such as Negro Act of 1740

Triangle Trade

New World gave resources to England which returned manufactured goods; England gave guns and goods to slave traders in Africa who would go into villages and take slaves to be put on Middle Passage; Slaves would go to West Indies and New World; New World gives rum, flour, fish, and meat to West Indies in return for slaves, sugar, and molasses

Slave Laws

strict laws put in place by whites; in reaction to rebellions like Stono rebellion; limit when slaves can leave plantation, who they talk too, search houses; example Negro Act of 1740

James Oglethorpe

English leader who founded the colony of Georgia as a place where debtors from England could begin new lives; limited land grants; outlawed slavery

mercantilism

benefit Britain, hurt French & Dutch; navigation acts; export more than you import; Navigation acts

Molasses Act of 1733

British legislation which had taxed all molasses, rum, and sugar which the colonies imported from the west indies; The act angered the New England colonies, which imported a lot of molasses from the Caribbean as part of the Triangular Trade. The British had difficulty enforcing the tax; most colonial merchants did not pay it.

Currency Act of 1751

prevented New England colonies from establishing new land banks and prohibited the use of colonial paper money to pay private debts

Radical Whigs

group that protested British Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole; said he used patronage and bribery to create a strong court party; warned that high taxes and inept royal bureaucracy threatened British liberties

Ben Franklin

would hold philosophical meeting; had George Whitefield's publishing rights; intercepted by Ben Franklin and calm them down

Johnathan Edwards

part of Great Awakening; believed God is only thing holding us out of burning fires of hell; we're all doomed sinners; God is only going to save those who've had a true conversion experience

George Whitefield

part of Great Awakening; went to GA to start an orphanage and would tour around America preaching and trying to raise money; give arousing sermons outdoors that would leave people screeching and crying and dancing and singing

Old and New Lights

Old like things the way they were before the Great Awakening; opposed George Whitefield and screeching sermons; rich;

New lights were more emotional and had outdoor services; more fire and brimstone

Fort Duquesne

1758 French fort captured by William Pitt during French and Indian war for the British- renamed Pittsburg

Albany Plan of Union

1754; group of colonists get together and decide how to fight against Indians; go back but colonies refuse to work together with other colnies

Pontiac's Rebellion

British come into where French forts were after French and Indian War; Indian Pontiac leads a rebellion but the British squash it; results in treaty and Proclamation Line of 1763

Proclamation Line

1763; in response to Pontiac's rebellion; puts natives on one side of land and colonist on the other & they can't cross; Americans disobey and go past line anyway

Effects of the Indian War on British-American Relations

Americans want land and resent Proclamation Line

British raise what were lax taxes in order to pay war debts

colonist realize they don't need British to protect now that French are gone

British economy is hurt

Salutary neglect is gone

British soldiers and American soldiers realize they don't like each other

Treaty of Paris 1763

British get Canada and up to Mississippi; give sugar islands back to French: "traded snow for sugar"

France has lands west of Mississippi; Cajuns go to New Orleans

Paxton Boys

(1764) Armed march on Philadelphia by Scots-Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker establishment's lenient policies toward Native Americans. intercepted by Ben Franklin

Regulator Movements

SC and NC pitted backcountry farmers against wealthy planters that controlled government; frontier dwellers protested lack of political voice and taxes; fought and lost against eastern militiamen