IMHM321 - INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY

Immunohematology

Study of immunologic properties & reactions of all blood components

Blood Banking

Study of immunologic principles applied in blood group specific antigens & antibodies

Hemotherapy

selection, preparation and infusion of blood or its derivatives or components for an individual

Blood Group

Not only in the RBC but also in other components (plasma, platelets and leukocytes)

Blood Group System

Several antigens related to each other whose incidence vary with one another

1492

First human blood transfusion

Braxton Hicks

introduced Na phosphate as anticoagulant

Hustin

introduced Na citrate as anticoagulant

Lewisohn

determined the minimum amount of citrate needed as anticoagulant and demonstrated its non toxicity in small amounts

Rous and Turner

introduced a citrate-dextrose solution for the preservation of blood but the function of dextrose in RBC metabolism was not understood till 1930

Loutit and Mollinson

introduce the formula for the preservative Acid Citrate Dextrose

Gibson

introduced an improved preservative solution, Citrate Phosphate-Dextrose, which is less acidic and replaced ACD as standard preservative for blood storage

Edward Lindermann

first to successfully carry vein to vein transfusion using multiple syringe & special cannula in puncturing the vein through the skin

Unger

designed a syringe-valve apparatus that transfuses blood from donor to patient by an unassisted physician

Karl Landsteiner

discovered the ABO blood groups (A,B,O) and explained the serious reactions of incompatible transfusion

Von Des Catello

discovered the 4th group (AB)

Karl Landsteiner and Weiner

discovered the Rh blood group system

Dr. Charles Drew

appointed as the director of the 1st American Red Cross Blood Bank & his program becomes the model of the National Volunteer Blood Donor Program of the American Red Cross

Citrate

Chelates calcium; prevents clotting

Monobasic Sodium Phosphate

Maintains pH during storage; necessary for maintenance of adequate levels of 2,3-DPG

Dextrose

Substrate for ATP production (cellular energy)

Adenine

Production of ATP (extends shelf-life from 21

to 35 days)

Additive Solutions

These are solutions that are added to the RBCs after removal of the plasma with or without platelets.

Extends shelf-life of RBCs to 42 days by adding nutrients

Allows for the harvesting of more plasma and platelets from the unit

Produces RBC concentrate of lower viscosity

Gene

A biological unit of inheritance

Dominant Gene

always expressed as antigen regardless of whether it is in homozygous or heterozygous state

Recessive Gene

produce antigen only when in homozygous

state

Chromosome

Linear arrangement of genes

Locus

Hypothetical seat of gene on a chromosome

Allele

alternative form of gene at particular locus

Phenotype

Detectable products (antigens) demonstrated through direct testing only

Genotype

Sum total of genes present on chromosome regardless of whether or not they produce detectable products.

Determined through testing of genes & family study

Homozygous

presence of identical pair of allelic genes on both chromosomes

Heterozygous

different alleles of genes on pair of chromosome

Dosage Effect

presence of homozygous genotype can express itself with more antigen than the heterozygous genotype

Autosomal

trait carried on the chromosomes (not sex chromosomes)

Recessive

trait carried is carried by either parent or both parents but is not generally seen at the phenotypic level unless both parents carry the trait.

Codominant

2 allelic genes are contained in a different locus but both are expressed

Sex-Linked

genes are inherited in the sex chromosome

Autosomal Dominant

Trait never skips a generation & traits are equally inherited by the male and female and always expressed

Autosomal Recessive

Parents are considered as carriers for an allele gene

Its presence is clinically apparent

People who manifest the trait is homozygous for the allele

Sex-Linked Dominant

Characteristic is never transmitted from father to son(s), rather father to all daughters & to their son

Sex-Linked Recessive

Occurs frequently in males than females